Typical Course of Study - Kindergarten

The elementary years lay the foundation for learning throughout a students educational career (and beyond). Childrens abilities undergo dramatic changes from kindergarten through 5th grade.   While public and private schools set the standards for their students,  homeschooling parents  may be unsure what to teach at each grade level. Thats where a typical course of study comes in handy.   A typical course of study provides a general framework for introducing appropriate skills and concepts for each subject at each grade level. Parents may notice that some skills and topics are repeated in multiple grade levels. This repetition is normal because the complexity of skills and depth of topics increases as a students ability and maturity increases. Kindergarten Kindergarten is a highly-anticipated time of transition for most children. Learning through play starts to give way to more formal lessons. (Though play remains an essential part of education through the elementary years.) For most young children, this first foray into formal learning will include pre-reading and early math activities. It is also a time for children to begin understanding their role and the roles of others in the community.   Language Arts A typical course of study for kindergarten language arts includes pre-reading activities such as learning to recognize upper- and lower-case letters of the alphabet and the sounds of each. Children enjoy looking at picture books and pretending to read. Its crucial to read to kindergarten students on a regular basis. Not only does reading aloud help children make connections between written and spoken words, but it also helps them acquire new vocabulary skills. Students should practice writing the letters of the alphabet and learn to write their name. Children may use drawings or invented spelling to tell stories.   Science Science helps kindergarten students begin to understand the world around them. It is essential to provide opportunities for them to explore science-related topics through observation and investigation. Ask students questions such as how, why, what if, and what do you think. Use nature study to help young students explore earth science and physical science. Common topics for kindergarten science include insects, animals, plants, weather, soil, and rocks.   Social Studies In kindergarten, social studies focus on exploring the world through the local community. Provide opportunities for children to  learn about themselves and their role in their family and community. Teach them about community helpers such as police officers and firefighters.   Introduce them to basic facts about their country, such as its president, its capital city, and some of its national holidays. Help them explore basic geography with simple maps of their home, city, state, and country. Math A typical course of study for kindergarten math includes topics such as counting, number recognition, one-to-one correspondence, sorting and categorizing, learning basic shapes, and pattern recognition. Children will learn to recognize numbers 1 through 100 and count by ones to 20. They will learn to describe the position of an object such as in, beside, behind, and between.   They will learn to recognize simple patterns such as A-B (red/blue/red/blue), complete a pattern that has been started for them, and create their own simple patterns. First Grade Children in first grade are starting to acquire more abstract thinking skills. Some begin to move toward reading fluency. They can understand more abstract math concepts and can complete simple addition and subtraction problems. They are becoming more independent and self-sufficient. Language Arts A typical course of study for first-grade language arts introduces students to age-appropriate grammar, spelling, and writing. Children learn to capitalize and punctuate sentences correctly. They are expected to spell grade level words correctly and capitalize common nouns. Most first grade students will learn to read one-syllable words that follow general spelling rules and use phonics skills to decipher unknown words.  Ã‚   Some common skills for first graders include using and understanding compound words; inferring a words meaning from context; understanding figurative language;  and writing short compositions. Science First-grade students will build on the concepts they learned in kindergarten. They will continue asking questions and predicting outcomes and will learn to find patterns in the natural world. Common science topics for first grade include plants; animals; states of matter (solid, liquid, gas); sound; energy; seasons; water; and weather. Social Studies First-grade students can understand the past, present, and future, though most dont have a solid grasp of time intervals (for example, 10 years ago vs.  50 years ago). They understand the world around them from the context of the familiar, such as their school and community.   Common first-grade social studies topics include basic economics (needs vs. wants), beginning  map skills (cardinal directions and locating state and country on a map), continents, cultures, and national symbols. Math First-grade math concepts reflect this age groups improved ability to think abstractly. Skills and concepts typically taught include addition and subtraction;  telling time to the half-hour; recognizing and counting money; skip counting (counting by 2s, 5s, and 10s); measuring;  ordinal numbers (first, second, third); and naming and drawing two-dimensional and three-dimensional shapes. Second Grade Second-grade students are becoming better at processing information and can understand more abstract concepts. They understand jokes, riddles, and sarcasm and like to try them on others.   Most students who did not master reading fluency in first grade will do so in second. Most second graders have also established foundational writing skills. Language Arts A typical course of study for second-grade children focuses on reading fluency. Children will begin reading grade-level text without stopping to sound out most words. They will learn to read orally at a conversational speaking rate and use  voice inflection for expression. Second-grade students will learn  more complex phonics concepts and vocabulary. They will begin to learn prefixes, suffixes, antonyms, homonyms, and synonyms. They may start learning cursive handwriting.  Ã‚   Common skills for second-grade writing include using reference tools (such as a dictionary); writing opinion and how-to compositions; using planning tools such as brainstorming and graphic organizers; and learning to self-edit. Science In second grade, children begin using what they know to make predictions (hypothesis) and look for patterns in nature. Common second-grade life science topics include life cycles, food chains, and habitats (or biomes).   Earth science  topics include the Earth and how it changes over time; the factors affecting those changes such as wind, water, and ice; and the physical properties and classification of rocks.   Students are also introduced to force and motion concepts such as push, pull, and  magnetism. Social Studies Second graders are ready to begin moving beyond their local community and using what they know to compare their region with other areas and cultures.   Common topics include Native Americans, key historical figures (such as George Washington or Abraham Lincoln), creating timelines, the United States Constitution, and the election process. Second graders will also learn more advanced map skills, such as locating the United States and individual states; finding and labeling oceans, continents, the North and South Poles, and the equator. Math In second grade, students will begin to learn more complex math skills and attain fluency in math vocabulary.   A second-grade math course of study usually includes place value (ones, tens, hundreds); odd and even numbers; adding and subtracting two-digit numbers; introduction of multiplication tables; telling time from the quarter hour  to the  minute; and fractions. Third Grade In third grade, students begin to make the shift from guided learning to more independent exploration. Because most third-graders are fluent readers, they can read directions themselves and take more responsibility for their work. Language Arts In language arts, the focus on reading shifts from learning to read to reading to learn. There is an emphasis on reading comprehension. Students will learn to identify the main idea or moral of a story and be able to describe the plot and how the actions of the main characters affect the plot. Third graders will begin using more complex graphic organizers as part of the pre-writing process. They will learn  to write book reports, poems, and personal narratives. Topics for third-grade grammar include parts of speech; conjunctions; comparative and superlatives; more complex capitalization and punctuation skills (such as capitalizing book titles and punctuating dialogue); and sentence types (declarative, interrogative, and exclamatory).   Students also learn about writing genres such as fairy tales, myths, fiction, and biographies.   Science Third graders start to tackle more complex science topics. Students learn about the scientific process,  simple machines  and  the moon and its phases. Other topics include living organisms (vertebrate and invertebrates); properties of matter; physical changes; light and sound; astronomy; and inherited traits. Social Studies Third-grade social studies topics help students continue to expand their view of the world around them. They learn about cultures and how the environment and physical features affect the people of a given region. Students learn about topics such as transportation, communication, and the exploration and colonization of North American. Geography topics include latitude, longitude, map scale, and geographic terms. Math Third-grade mathematical concepts continue to increase in complexity.   Topics include multiplication and division; estimation; fractions and decimals; commutative and associative properties; congruent shapes, area and perimeter; charts and graphs; and probability.   Fourth Grade Most fourth-grade students are ready to tackle more complex work independently. They start learning basic time management and planning techniques for long-term projects. Fourth-graders are also starting to discover their academic strengths, weaknesses, and preferences. They may be asynchronous learners who dive into topics that interest them while struggling in areas that dont.   Language Arts Most fourth-grade students are competent, fluent readers. It is an excellent time to introduce books series since many children at this age are captivated by them.   A typical course of study includes grammar, composition, spelling, vocabulary-building, and literature. Grammar focuses on topics such as similes and metaphors; prepositional phrases; and run-on sentences.   Composition topics include creative, expository, and persuasive writing; research (using sources such as the internet, books, magazines, and news reports); understanding fact vs. opinion; point of view; and editing and publishing. Students will read and respond to a variety of literature. They will explore genres such as folklore, poetry, and tales from a variety of cultures.   Science Fourth-grade students continue to deepen their understanding of the scientific process through practice. They may try conducting age-appropriate experiments and document them by writing lab reports.  Ã‚   Earth science topics in fourth grade include natural disasters (such as earthquakes and volcanoes); the solar system; and natural resources. Physical science topics include electricity and electrical currents; physical and chemical changes in states of matter (freezing, melting, evaporation, and condensation); and the water cycle. Life science topics typically cover how plants and animals interact with and support one another (food chains and food webs), how plants produce food, and how humans impact the environment. Social Studies The history of the United States and the students home state are common topics for social studies in fourth grade. Students will research facts about their home states such as its native population, who settled the land, its path to statehood, and significant people and events from state history.   U.S. history topics include the Revolutionary War and westward expansion (the explorations of Lewis and Clark and the lives of American pioneers) Math Most fourth-grade students should be comfortable adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing quickly and accurately. They will apply these skills to large whole numbers and learn to add and subtract fractions and decimals.   Other fourth-grade math skills and concepts include prime numbers; multiples; conversions; adding and subtracting with variables; units of metric measurements; finding the area and perimeter of a solid; and figuring the volume of a solid. New concepts in geometry include lines, line segments, rays, parallel lines, angles, and triangles.   Fifth Grade Fifth grade is the last year as an elementary student for most students since middle school is generally considered grades 6-8. While these young tweens may consider themselves mature and responsible, they often need continued guidance as they prepare to transition fully to independent learners.   Language Arts A typical course of study for fifth-grade language arts will include components that become standard through the high school years: grammar, composition, literature, spelling, and vocabulary-building.   The literature component includes reading a variety of books and genres; analyzing plot, character, and setting; and identifying the authors purpose for writing and how his point of view influences his writing. Grammar and composition focus on using correct age-appropriate grammar to write more complex compositions such as letters, research papers, persuasive essays, and stories; honing pre-writing techniques such as brainstorming and using graphic organizers; and building on the students understanding of parts of speech and how each is used in a sentence (examples include prepositions, interjections, and conjunctions). Science Fifth graders have a strong basic understanding of science and the scientific process. Theyll put those skills to work as they delve into a more complex understanding of the world around them. Science topics usually covered in fifth grade include the solar system; the universe; Earths atmosphere; healthy habits (proper nutrition and personal hygiene); atoms, molecules, and cells; matter; the Periodic Table; and taxonomy and the classification system. Social Studies In fifth grade, students continue their exploration of American history, studying events such as the War of 1812; the American Civil War; inventors and technological advances of the 19th century (such as Samuel B. Morse, the Wright Brothers, Thomas Edison, and Alexander Graham Bell); and basic economics (the law of supply and demand; the primary resources, industries, and products of the United States and other countries). Math A typical course of study for fifth-grade math  include dividing two- and three-digit whole numbers with and without remainders; multiplying and dividing fractions; mixed numbers; improper fractions; simplifying fractions; using equivalent fractions; formulas for area, perimeter, and volume; graphing; Roman numerals; and powers of ten. This typical course of study for elementary school is intended as a general guide. The introduction of topics and acquisition  of skills can vary widely based on the studentss maturity and ability level, a familys preferred homeschooling style, and the type of homeschool curriculum used.

Modern Day Relevance of The Declaration of Independence...

Modern Day Relevance of The Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is one of the most important documents produced by an American thinker. Reading The Declaration of Independence presents the reader with a window into the world of revolutionary America. It conveys the dynamic nature of the time better than any written work of the period. The real importance of The Declaration of Independence lies not in the purpose for which Jefferson created it, to declare independence from Great Britain, but rather how future generations have interpreted Jeffersons words. Jeffersons document originally guaranteed basic rights for a select segment of the American population. Today it has become a document which has been†¦show more content†¦The main problem faced by Americans in the Antebellum time period was whether or not to abolish the institution of African American slavery. Many abolitionists, such as Andrew Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglas, among others, would use the moving language of The Declaration of Independe nce to attack Southern slaveholders for keeping their fellow human beings in bondage. They claimed the current government was failing to secure the rights of, life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, for a sizable portion of the American population. Clearly the fact that the creator of The Declaration of Independence owned slaves made it hard to believe that the aim of the document was to secure the rights of the African-American population. In fact, Jefferson believed that blacks were intellectually inferior to whites, and incapable of sustaining the Republic. He argued for a theory on creation that was dismissed by other intellectuals of the time called the Theory of Polygenesis. This theory was based on the assumption that God had not created humankind all at once, rather God had created the different races at different times. 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Judaism and the Economy Essay - 1222 Words

Judaism and the Economy While the Jewish population is small, its impact on the economy is extensive. For a group of people making up less than two percent of the United States populace, Jews are certainly a topic of much conversation and controversy. For a race so often targeted negatively and used as a scapegoat, it is surprising to realize the Jewish hand in America today. A question circulating for a while is whether or not Jews control America; Jews rule the film industry, the news and communication business is a Jewish kingdom, the American financial industry is essentially a Jewish franchise, and the professions are so dominated by Jews its shocking, so where does their influence run out? While the idea that America is run by†¦show more content†¦In a recently released study, researchers at Nova Southeastern University claim that the strategy boosts stock market returns. Pan Yatrakis, who co-authored the study with Albert Williams, is quoted as saying that, â€Å"Observant Jewish traders r epresent a small proportion of all market participants but, at the margin, their withdrawal during the High Holy Days thins out the market, increases volatility and risk, and may discourage others from trading as well, thus creating a snowball effect.† Furthermore, the when the study looked at closing values of the Dow Jones Industrial Average from the year 1907 to 2008, they found that selling stocks before Rosh Hashanah and buying after Yom Kippur netted an average return of 1%. William expounds; â€Å"if you were to sell one million dollars’ worth of stock around Rosh Hashanah and then buy back those stocks at Yom Kippur, you should make about $10,000 profit, that’s one percent profit in a little over a week.† However, as big as that news is, the bigger surprise is that this whole reality goes against the Efficient Market Hypothesis. 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Analysis Of The Book The Bluest Eye - 1290 Words

In the book, â€Å"The Bluest Eye† the main character is Pecola. Pecola is a young African American who wishes she was a blonde hair, blue eyed white girl. Pecola feels like many of us have at some point, where nothing really matters, nobody likes me or i am not good enough for a certain group of people. Her family barely has any confidence, which makes them have learned to accept their ugliness. Her parents do not even see the good in themselves. Due to this, Pecola rarely gets love from her family or the people around her because they have been so damaged and hurt. She is also constantly reminded of her ugliness. This family goes through many trials and tribulations. You should always have some confidence even when you are feeling low. Tony Morrison, got the idea for â€Å"The Bluest Eye† from a classmate she went to elementary school with. The girl in her class wished that she had blue eyes. When Tony Morrison saw that she was in disbelieve. Since she was wishing for the blue eyes she was also wishing to have another identity. The girl in her class did not want to be black, she thought it would be better if she had white skin and blue eye, life would somehow be better. In the book, â€Å"The Bluest Eye† there is a certain appearance that is given. The appearance is that white is true beauty. This affects every African American in this book in several different ways. For example, Pecola does not feel like she is good enough for anything and just out wants to be white, or her momShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Bluest Eye 1917 Words   |  8 Pages1. Through the Big Screen and Flashing Lights In the book The Bluest Eye Mrs. Breedlove talks about who was her motivation, who gave her drive to start dressing up nice and refashioning herself. She started using celebrities as role models or a mirror to help her find ways for her to get the same physical attractiveness they have. 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In many of her writings Morrison captures the pursuit of African Americans identities(Parnell). Considering Morrison never experienced the horrific tragedies she writes about, she is a witness to many identities that were destroyed by society depiction of them. The themes that Toni Morrison illustrates in her works Beloved and The Bluest Eye demonstrates how Toni

The Foreign Trade of Bangladesh - Its Composition,...

The Foreign Trade of Bangladesh: Its Composition, Performance, Trend, and Policy Mohammad Mafizur Rahman Abstract Despite structural limitations in the Bangladesh economy, the export sector performed well throughout the 1990s. The export growth rate of Bangladesh was higher than that of the world and the SAARC countries. However, the balance of trade of Bangladesh was always in deficit and the trade deficit with India is huge. The export share of primary commodities has decreased while that of manufactured commodities has increased over the years. The growth rate of manufactured commodities is better than that of primary commodities. The import share of principal primary commodities has declined while that of principal industrial†¦show more content†¦In terms of positive growth, engineering products topped the list 25 (842.34%), followed by petroleum by products (215.45%), chemical products (50.95%), raw jute (34.89%), other products (20.77%), frozen food (16.55%), knitwear (13.34%), agricultural products (12.96%), jute goods (5.61%) and readymade garments (4.28%) (EPB, 2004). price index in this sector increased by 0.36% indicating a volume wise increase of 8.40% (EPB 2004). Exports Performance Compared to Imports The export earnings also continuously increased over the years with increased import payments. Though import payments are always higher than the export earnings in absolute terms, the percentage of Bangladesh‟s export to imports is improving gradually and in recent years has been quite impressive. 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Disruptive Technology Technology Innovation

Question: Describe about the Report for Disruptive Technology of Technology Innovation. Answer: 1. The meaning of disruptive technology Disruptive technology alludes to an innovation whereby there is creation of a new market subsequent with a value network that unsettles the already existing market and value network. Consequently, there is displacement of the well-established firms along with their products and the alliances that they may have set up. This technology changes the status quo of goods and services in terms of production, distribution and marketing (Paul William, 2015). Examples of disruptive technology Mobile internet; there has been an increasing reliance of mobile internet in preference to the previously computer internet or rather cyber browsing. Such an increase in mobile internet has made cybercafs redundant. Today people only go opt to go there when they need services like scanning, printing among others which they do not have in their homes. This has been possible due to its reliability, easy access, inexpensive and readily available. E-commerce; traditionally people had to cover huge distances in order to move goods and services from one location to another. As a result, there was a huge number of intermediaries who simplified business transactions in between. However, with proliferation of the internet services, intermediaries have lost their power to act on the transactions. I have bought goods directly from the producer who lives in a different country. Electric trains; they have absolutely revolutionized transport sector and led to the demise of steam locomotives. Electric trains are fast, efficient and effective and above all, reliable. Their continued popularity dampened the efficiency of the locomotives which were eventually phased out. 2. Comment on the pattern both time series reveal over a period of time From the graph, the fourth quarter in both the US and UK indicates a steady rise. It recorded the highest percentage of sales across all the four quarters. Furthermore, the time series reveals a slight negative fluctuation in the first three quarters with the third quarter recording most of the lower percentage sales. Percentage sales dwindle from the fourth quarter in every succeeding year deepening up to the third quarter and then picks up. The trend is repeated across all the years. Generally, both countries exhibit an increase in the e-commerce percentage sales across the years. Comparison between the US and the UK e-commerce percentages across the years and the likely economic factors influencing the changes. The growth of the e-commerce market in both countries reveals a contrasting influence of economic factors. More so, there is a similarity in some of them at influencing the rate at which they have acted on the market and boosting the market sales recorded. The steady growth in the e-commerce in both countries is down to a number of reasons. Firstly, the UKs increase in the e-commerce may be due to; first, growth of smartphone and general mobile commerce. The UK has witnessed an upsurge in the mobile use coupled with lot of incentives by mobile services providers that has made accessing the internet relatively cheap secondly, popularity of mobile shopping in the UK as made possible by the greater internet penetration. Lastly, the UK has had a growing involvement in the logistics and warehouses; this has been down to a boom in the aviation particularly in the small cities. This aviation boom led to an increase in the online retailers penetrating into the remote areas as well (Adner Zemsky, 2009). The USA on the other hand experiences nearly all the factors that have pushed the UKs sales. However, the US strong foreign exchange; the dollar status in the market strengthened in prior financial crisis in 2008. This is reflected in the sharp increase in sales in 2007-2009 while the post crisis re-established its previously acclaimed status. Also, the increase in the demand and use of credit cards especially for the cashless transactions. This has broadened the market in the online market. For the boom in the stock markets skyrocketed the e-commerce companys valuations. With an increase in the stock markets, most consumers resort to shop online which presents an easier approach. 3. The market structure that the firms operate in. Monopoly market structure. The electric trains are solely controlled by respective governments who make all decisions with regard to its operationalization. This implies that the firms that offer this service are monopolies. Electric trains therefore as one of the disruptive technologies that phased out locomotive trains. They exhibit characteristics of the monopoly competition. This include; The existence of a few sellers in the market; they are exclusively controlled by the governments of the respective countries where they exist. More often it is rather a single seller operating in the whole market. Meaning that he enjoys all the profits and incurs the losses alone. Second, the seller is the price maker; usually, it is the government who decide the amount of money that people pay as fare. The market forces of demand and supply have a limited impact in price determination. As a result, the price may not factor in the variables within the economy that influence the price. Third, there are high barriers to entry and exit in the market. The complete control by the government makes it difficult for others to get into the market. Barriers exist in terms of startup capital, tax issues and more significantly, the terminus. It is difficult for private investors to get into the business since they will have to cater for all the costs including railway construction costs. Fourthly, existence of monopoly power; monopolies have powers that put them in charge of the whole industry. In this case, the ownership of patent rights scares private investors from venturing into the business. Also, the huge financial outlay required for it presents a stumbling block. Fifth, profit maximization; monopolies are able to achieve the highest profit by adjusting prices at will. They achieve this by charging the price at the point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. Governments in charge of the railway sector will keep on adjusting price until they attain that level. The extent at which the introduction of the disruptive technology has influenced the existing market. Disruptive technologies have had a huge impact in the monopoly market structure. This has particularly been evident in the characteristics that define it. An in-depth look into the inherent characteristics of monopolies reveals the following; First, as it pertains to the many buyers and few sellers, disruptive technology created avenue that promoted efficiency, effectiveness, availability and above all reliability in the existing market. As a result, there was an increase in the number of buyers while the number of sellers continued to dwindle. Disruptive technologies meant that those who sought for better goods and services had to get them from the only producers (monopolies). The existing market riddled with obsolete goods with thinner scope in terms of their features appealed to fewer people hence its demise (Allen Timothy, 2008). Second, it has led to an increase in the restrictions to exit and entry of firms into the market. The existing market structure is not able to catch up with demands such as a large capital outlay. Hence, this does not bode well with dynamic consumer demands. Eventually, the existing market shrunk. Thirdly, a rise in the price of commodities in the existing market. Disruption technology calls for a huge financial investment which has to be recouped starting from the immediate future spanning into long term. Due to this scenario, an increase in the prices contributes to the existing firms being pushed out of business as the costs increase proportionately as well. Monopoly firms are then able to adjust prices so that they get their investment soon enough since they are price makers. 4. Welfare implication of the disruptive technology. Demand and supply before disruptive technology. The disruption effect is highlighted by the forces of demand and supply interaction. Basically, firms in the monopoly market structure are able to maximize profits by adjusting prices. The firms determine the best price for the products in the market. From the diagram, before the disruption technology is introduced in the market, profit maximization is determined at the point where demand equals to supply i.e. the equilibrium point (Pe). At this point, firms are able to make normal profits. The equilibrium price implies that firms are able to produce at the quantity demanded by the market (Q1). Impact of disruptive technology to consumer and producer surplus. Consumers spending is determined by the market price. They pay the price P1 and hence get quantity Q1 which accounts for (P1.Q1) as represented by the area (P1.Pe.Q1.M). This implies that there is an absolute net gain to the consumer because the area (D.Pe.Q1.M) is greater than (P1.Pe.Q1.M). The net gain is the consumer surplus indicating the total area which gives the total benefit (D.Pe.Q1.M) less the amount spent (P1.Pe.Q1.M). Firms are able to make supernormal profits by adjusting the price to (P2) as a result of disruption. This is down to the monopoly power that firms wield in the market. With the introduction of the disruptive technology, there is creation of excess supply due to increased production as firms advance better production methods. This implies production surplus (PS) indicated by the region (P1-Pe-G). An increase in the price to (P2) will therefore lead to a reduction in the quantity to (Q2). Such a move will mean that the firm will operate at equilibrium point (qe). As a result there will be a surplus in the market. An increased price effectively reduces the amount of goods that the consumer can buy. The market will as a result experience consumption surplus (CS) as indicated by the point (P1-Pe-D). In order to cut on the resulting market surplus, firms will be forced to reduce prices. This is possible due to the monopoly status that comes with monopoly power (Baran Sweezy, 2012). References Adner, R Zemsky, P. 2009. Information and communication technology innovations, New Media Society vol. 11 no. 4 599-619 Allen W. J. Timothy E, 2008, the evolution of human societies: disruptive technology, 2nd. edition. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 257-258. Baran, P.A Sweezy, P.M (2012), some theoretical implications: Technological innovations University of Michigan Monthly review vol. 64 pp. 3 Paul, S William. D, 2015, The Indian adoption by Sudip: Economics, McGraw Hill Education press Ltd.

Experimental Research free essay sample

This paper explores the experimental research method and specifically the experiment conducted by Professor Smith, a Psychology professor who has a hypothesis that Vitamin E improves memory, to determine the flaws in her experiment. In the process, the paper also clearly explains the various key factors which determine the outcome and accuracy of the method of experimental research, such as dependent variables, independent variables, experimental groups, and control groups. This paper examines the factors that render Professor Smith’s experiment as flawed, and finally attempts to redesign an experiment to successfully test the effects of Vitamin E on memory. Experimental Research and The Key Components of A Successful Experiment Experimental research is the scientific method used by psychologists to answer some important cause and effect questions about behaviour and other phenomena of interest. Experimental research investigates the relationship between variables by intentionally causing a change in one variable in a situation, and then studying the effects of that change on other aspects of the situation ( Feldman amp; Dinardo, 2012 ). We will write a custom essay sample on Experimental Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The independent variable in experimental research is manipulated by the researcher and is the variable whose effects the researcher attempts to investigate. The dependent variable in experimental research is the response or effect acquired as a result of the independent variable. Participants in experimental research are always divided into two groups, an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group is the group participating in an experiment which receives a treatment in order to assess the effects of the independent variable on that group, while the control group receives no treatment. The experimental group’s behaviours or actions in a situation are manipulated by the independent variable, while the control group is not influenced in any way by the independent variable being investigated. The control group has to be equal in all aspects to the experimental group except for the presence of the independent variable, which would differentiate the behaviours, events, or other characteristics of the two groups. This is done in order to accurately investigate the true effects of an independent variable. Professor Smith’s Experiment Professor Smith conducts an experiment to test her hypothesis that Vitamin E improves memory. Before a quiz in her class, she provides half the class with lemonade juice-boxes and Vitamin E, which is the independent variable in this experiment. The remaining half of the class aren’t given anything. Professor Smith divides the class into two groups of twenty students. The first twenty students to arrive are made to sit in the front of the class, this is the experimental group who receive the independent variable, Vitamin E. The other twenty students are made to sit in the back, this is the control group who receive nothing. She then gives them a quiz. Once it is completed, she discovers that the experimental group who received Vitamin E scored an average of 3 points higher than the control group who received nothing. The score on the quiz is the dependent variable of this experiment, and the factor being measured in order to determine the effects of Vitamin E. Flaws of Professor Smith’s Experimental Design and Conclusion A set of meticulous guidelines need to be followed in order to conduct an experimental research and achieve an accurate result or conclusion. According to Abdi ( 2009 ), a researcher must impose controls to ensure that changes in the independent variable are the only things that affect the dependent variable in an experiment in order to ensure it’s validity. The first flaw with Professor Smith’s experimental design is that the controlled group received nothing while the experimental group received the Vitamin E and lemonade juice-boxes, which creates a psychological inequity. This could easily have had a demoralizing effect on the mental state of the control group and an encouraging effect on the experimental group, which would decrease the accuracy and validity of her findings as other factors beside the independent variable could have affected the dependent variable. Another flaw with her experimental design is the division of the experimental group and the control group into two seperate sections, creating a social inequity, specially as the first half of the students were allowed to sit in the front and the latter half were made to sit in the ramaining half of the class in the back. This could have created a sense of expectancy in the experimental group and compelled them to try harder, while the control group might have assumed they weren’t expected to do well and as a result not strive enough to succeed. According to Feldman and Dinardo ( 2012 ), one of the factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment is participant expectations. The participants in Professor Smith’s experiment were aware of their assigned groups, which could have raised or lowered their expectations, depending on the group to which they were assigned. Finally, the flaw with Professor Smith’s conclusion is that the experiment was conducted to test her hypothesis that Vitamin E improves memory, but her conclusion was that Vitamin E makes one smarter. Aside from that, Professor Smith was also aware of the group to which a particular participant was assigned and this could have had an effect on her preference and partiality towards the participants. The conclusion, aside from being inaccurate, was irrelevant to the hypothesis. Redesigned Experiment In order to test the effects of Vitamin E on memory the experiment can be conducted with some necessary amendments to acquire an accurate dependent variable and a valid conclusion. First, in order to control the bias, there would need to be a placebo control group, which entails administering a fake independent variable to the control group. By doing this and maintaining equality between the experimental and control group in terms of resources provided, whether it’s a lemonade juice-box, controls would be imposed to ensure that changes in the independent variable are the only things that affect the dependent variable, and thus increase the validity of the experiment ( Abdi, 2009 ). Another important amendment needed would be randomly seating the two groups by using a method called the double-blind procedure, in which neither the researcher nor the participants would be aware of the particular group to which a participant elongs. Randomly seating the participants all around the classroom and not being aware of the group to which a participant is assigned would create equality, thus eliminate the possiblility of expectations distorting the dependent variable. Conclusion Experimental research depends on a few key components in order for it to be successful. A researcher must always impose stern controls to ensure tha t the only change affecting the dependent variable is the independent variable whose effects are being investigated.