Patient Teaching

Patient Teaching: Importance of Repositioning Sean Crayton University of Toledo College of Nursing Patient Teaching: Importance of Repositioning Assessment of Patients Learning Needs M. C. is an elderly male who was admitted and treated for a fall and hip fracture. He had surgery, is bed ridden but is soon to be released. He and his family need proper teaching on the importance of reposition as to avoid obtaining pressure ulcers during his limitations to extensive bed rest and staying off of his feet or performing any unnecessary movements that could cause irritation or reinjuring the recently repaired hip.As requested we are including the family who will be his primary care takers at home and it is necessary that they all learn how to take care of M. C. properly due to his inability to adequately reposition himself successfully in the early stages of his release. Priority Nursing Diagnosis Knowledge deficit. Patient will need proper positioning teaching. The teaching will pertain to the deliberate placement of the patient or body part in order to promote proper physiological and psychological well-being. r/t.Lack proper knowledge related to how position/reposition M. C. to avoid development of pressure ulcers. AEB. M. C. was admitted with a hip fracture and received surgery. He is soon to be release to go home but is ordered to long term bed rest. Desired Patient Outcome(s) At the conclusion of the patient teaching and proper diagnosis care we hope to ensure that M. C. and his family adequately know how to position/reposition the body to reduce the risk of pressure ulcers, at more importantly the critical, but all areas of the body.Time Frame. Being realistic we are giving M. C. and his family the duration of his projected discharge week in order to properly and thoroughly learn the information and techniques required to successfully position/reposition a patient at risk for pressure ulcers. Interventions Managing patients at risk for pressure ulcers relies on a multitude of different interventions implemented by nurses in a hospital or responsible care takers and family members in the home setting.These interventions include but are not limited to: using support surfaces, optimizing nutritional status, moisturizing critical areas and of course, what we are focused on in this particular patient teaching instance, repositioning the patient (Reddy, Gill & Rochon 2006). Regular turning of patients is routinely used ostensibly to decrease the risk of pressure ulcers, and is considered a standard of care (Peterson, Schwab, Van Oostrom, Gravenstein & Caruso 2010). Pressure from lying or sitting on a particular part of the body results in oxygen deprivation to the affected area.This normally results in pain and discomfort which stimulates the individual to move. Failure to reposition will result in ongoing deprivation; poor wound healing and further tissue damage. Patients who cannot reposition themselves require assistance (Moore 2010). To bet ter ensure that this will be handled for M. C. we will be including his family in the teaching. Teaching strategies. In order to teach and relay this process and the importance of patient repositioning to M. C. and his family I will be focusing on the utilization of pictures and demonstration.Teaching will take place throughout the duration of M. C. ’s projected discharge week. During this teaching there will be a chance for them to return the demonstration to me so that they can practice and show they understand before it is necessary for them to do it in the real setting all the while allowing adequate breaks and time for them to process the information and ask questions if any do arise (remember to stay open to conversation with my patient and his family). Rationale. The most important thing that I feel to remember is that all patients or people in general do not learn in the same fashion.You have your different visual (learn best when presented with graphs and other illus trations, maps, written material), auditory (learn best when they can listen to a lecture or a fast paced exchange of information) and kinesthetic (learn best when they can just do it and are hands on) learners. Before trying to teach your patient or possible care takers how to perform or ensure proper intervention application you should first figure out the best way to teach them. I chose to provide pictures, demonstrate and allow a return demonstration or practice session with M.C. and his family because from inference and their replies to my questions pertaining to their learning strategies they all learn best visual and when performing and practicing themselves. I will be including M. C. ’s family because they are who he preferred and indicated to take care of him while he is rendered unable at home. Neither M. C. nor his family have experience dealing with caring for a person at risk for pressure ulcers so it is important that I cover all bases and be specific with infor mation.Knowing that not everyone learns at the same speed or has the same mental capacity is my reason for breaking it up and allowing for conversation and questioning so that everyone is able to comprehend and understand the information and techniques that are being provided during this teaching session. I don’t expect them to learn and understand all this in one day and it is important to break up the session so during the week of M. C. ’s discharge I will be spacing the learning sessions out. Evaluation of LearningDuring the return demonstration and their responses to my questions I evaluated their understanding to rate their processing of the information and techniques. M. C. and his family understood all the information and seemed thoroughly prepared to perform the necessary tasks related to patient repositioning and reducing risk of pressure ulcers at the end of the teaching course. It is important that when documenting I provide the patient teaching including th e information covered and the resources I used to demonstrate and infuse the importance of repositioning to M.C. and his family. Reference Moore, Zena. (2010). Systematic review of Repositioning for the Treatment of Pressure Ulcers. EWMA Journal, 10(1), 5-12. Peterson, M. , Schwab, W. , Van Oostrom, J. , Gravenstein, N. , Caruso, L. (2010). Effects of turning on skin-bed interface pressures in healthy adults. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(7), 1556-1564. Reddy, M. , Gill, S. S. , & Rochon, P. A. (2006). Preventing Pressure Ulcers: A Systematic Review. JAMA, 296(8), 974-984.

The terms color blind and diversity

The terms color blind and diversity are widely used in affirmative action but they are not synonymous. Applied properly, color blind should be taken to mean without distinction to color. This means that the policies such as affirmative action should neither advance nor protect the interests of any race. As compared to diversity, this is understood to provide the necessary preferential treatment in order to advance the interests of all races, being color blind is not related to racial relations but instead advocates the lack of any racial undertones.To arrive at a better understanding of how these terms work it is important to briefly discuss affirmative action. Affirmative action has been praised and pilloried as the answer to racial inequality. First introduced by President Kennedy in 1961, â€Å"Affirmative action† was designed as a method of reducing the discrimination that had remained despite the civil rights laws and constitutional guarantees.It was a method that was put in place as a â€Å"Temporary Measure to Level the Playing Field† through the offering of the same opportunities to all Americans. As the video shows, the struggle for racial equality has taken different paths in American history. For some, it has mean equal opportunity and righting of a wrong long since committed, for others it remains a constant struggle not only for survival but for recognition.There have been several violations that have disenfranchised many but this clear violation of the Constitution prompted many to create a landmark law that will turn the tide once and for all. It was â€Å"Affirmative Action† that was supposed to save America from the evils of racism and discrimination but this directive failed and in fact it even backfired and instead of helping the oppressed it made them look less worthy of respect as ever before.As such, it is clear that being color blind, while different from encouraging diversity, is oftentimes interchanged and can have disastrous results. These concepts, however, are not mutually exclusive and may co-exist under the proper circumstances. It must be remembered that in order for Civil Rights plans such as Affirmative Action to work there must be a fine balance to encourage racial diversity but at the same time not lead to discrimination of other races.

Business Research Literature Review

In this assignment, a comprehensive literature review had been developed for the business research proposal related with topic â€Å"study and analyze marketing tools and tactics used by Coles Supermarkets, Australia.† There were some major topics included in this literature review section. They were such as overview of the Australian retail industry, Global Retail Business, consumer demand and ideas of independence groceries. The main hypotheses of   this literature   review section is to analyse the effectiveness of   marketing tools and tactics used by Australian retail companies compare to global retail companies. It had been assumed that Australian retail market is still growing and it can be improved by modifying the marketing tools and techniques used in this industry.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   H 0 : Australian retail market has a steady growth in the market H 1 : Australian retail market do not has a steady growth in the market It has been found that Australian retail market is growing rapidly. The retail market of Australia has increased by 3% in accordance to the current value terms in 2016[1]. Although, the growth is positive, it had been analyzed that the growth rate had become slower than 2015[2]. The main reason behind the slower rate of growth of Australian retail market is that Australian customers remain cautious about their spending during the whole year due to low level of income growth. The customer good subdivision of Australian retail market has struggled with critical retail conditions over the last five years.   It had been found that volatile consumer sentiment and weak growth of economy due to fluctuating financial market had developed tensed time for the subdivision operators. In addition, it had been found that there was continuous fall in the retail demand in Australia for video games, photographic equipments, books, newspapers, stationary goods and footwear[3]. However, online retailing or internet retailing of Australia had reached a relatively steady rate. In the year of 2016, it had been found that the online retailing has outperformed store-based retailing is Australia. Due to the increase importance of retail presence across different channels had influenced Australian retailers like Woolsworth and Wesfarmers to increase investment on multichannel retailing[4]. They started to focus on online business presence. They started to use social media like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube for promotion and advertisements. It had been analyzed that the trend of consumer demand of Australian retail market favored the convenience offered by online retailing. Aggressive expansion of Aldi indicates the continuous growth of this industry[5]. Wesfarmers is considered as the largest retailer in Australian in the year of 2016. The company is presently leading across different categories of retailing.   The value growth of the company Wesfarmers is highly driven by the strong performance is categories like office supply stores, home and garden, mass merchandisers and forecourt retailers.   The company is ranked as number one organization in terms of value share in the year of 2016[6]. It had been analyzed that retailing industry in Australia will increase at a value of CAGR of 3% over the next forecast period[7]. It will be largely driven by garden and home specialist retailers and online retailing. It is expected that these categories of retail industry will show strong growth due to growing demand for new houses and due to faster adoption of new technologies and online services.   There were two major factors that have affected the Australian retail market the most. They are such as Government policies and the subdued lending environment. The election of new coalition Australian government in 2013 had come up with two major factors[8]. The government has announced the withdrawal of government subsidies for many retail organizations. For this reason, various local retail groceries have closed their operation in Australia. The government has renewed the focus on the reduction of federal debt reduction to handle the national deficit leading to the viewpoint of tax increment and deep cuts to family benefits. In addition, banking sector has also become the subject of capital adequacy reforms designed to protect the retail industry. It would help to secure the retail industry from unexpected fluctuations and promote stability to this industry.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In term of future, it had been analyzed that, Omni channel retailing is going to be more relevant now than ever. In order to improve sales performance in future, retail companies have to combine brick and mortar operation with digital strategies. Rise of Smartphone adoption will increase online retail selling. In future online marketing will become the most important promotion and advertising strategy. There are various in-store technology can be used as effective marketing tool to increase sales performance. They are such as digital signage, interactive screens, self serve kiosks and online product directories. Presently it has been found that 49% of the Australian customers would like purchase products with the help of apps than a browser.   For this reason, retail companies such as Woolsworth and Wesfarmers have started to incorporate mobile apps in their Omni-channel marketing strategy. The Australian grocery retail had experienced a positive growth in the year of 2016. This high rate of growth in this sector can be explained by the success of discounters within the country. However, the growth of this industry is restricted by price discounting and intense amount of competition. These factors have hindered the growth rate of the grocery retailer s during the year. Rapid technology advancements provide retail companies the opportunities to engage consumer in-store. It has been found that perception of many marketers in the retail market is that the lending practices have also become constrained. It had also affected the commercial growth and customer credit. H 0 : Global retail business is changing due to market competition H 1 : Global retail business is not changing due to market competition Supermarkets and grocery retail industry is competitive not only in Australia but also in other parts of the world. The level of competitiveness is due to the change in consumer trends of the shopping their necessary goods from the market as well as changing sentiments. The change in the consumer sentiments has also changed the trading pattern of the supermarket retail industry all over the world[9]. Global supermarket retail industry has showed the growth of many popular supermarkets such as Tesco, Walmart, Aldi, Woolworths, Metcash, etc. It is seen that the supermarket retailers of Australia are adapting the trends of the demands of the customers that are responsible for the increase of footprints in the retail stores. They are facing the competition to meet the higher expectation of the customers in terms of convenience, freshness of the foods, transparency, standard of foods and other products served by it[10]. The trends that the retail supermarkets across the world are adopting are categorized into groups such as authentication of the fresh foods, convergence concepts that are convenience driven, impact of the changing regulations, creating opportunities to the workforce and consolidation of the operational movements. Companies are going to focus on the product differentiation focusing on the niche segment of customers. The addition of the online retailing and click and col lect options are more competitive than the traditional supermarket stores of different parts of the world[11]. On the other hand, it can be said that the supermarkets in many parts of the world are facing issues in maintaining the workforce i.e. skilled technical workforce. The companies are facing different issues in terms of maintaining the workforce in terms of technical problems. The technical experts and skilled expertise are hard to find in many countries of the world. However, it is the responsibility of the retailers to take of their employees in terms of employee engagement and their satisfaction. The supermarkets are facing problems in order to maintain an adjustment of the operations to the different associates who are associated with managing an array of tasks[12]. Research has portrayed the fact that the need of technology is of first priority. In terms of facility management systems, the global retailers are utilizing different types of human centred design that are considered as enhancing connectivity and monitoring the capabilities that improves user interface, intuitive opera tion and usability. The changing regulations of the countries are factors that are responsible for creating any effect on the trading patterns of the different supermarket retailers across the world. The two regulations that are important in creating a significant change of the business patterns of the supermarket retailers are refrigerant regulation and Food Safety Modernization Act. It can be said that the refrigerant regulation changes focuses on the issues of energy efficiency and the refrigerants. This implication will help the retailers while adopting refrigerators that are manufactured by using latest technologies[13]. The FSMA regulation is responsible for reduction of food waste by the companies. The individual retailers and the grocers are responsible for maintaining the freshness level â€Å"farm to table†. The companies are focusing on increasing the footprints in order to boost their never ending strategy in the expansion plans. In terms of focusing on the trollies of the consumers, it is seen that the global supermarkets are focused in providing benefits to the shoppers in order to improve their shopping experience. Hence, the hypothesis of the topic can be said that the global supermarkets are constantly trying to follow the recent and future trends in order to attract more customers that results to increase in the sales. It can be concluded that the global supermarket retail chains across the world are competitive in nature while developing their research and development department in order to imply the product differentiation by adopting different types of pricing strategies to attract the customers of the specific target market.   It is seen that the top retail companies are competing with each other not only in terms of price but also in terms of attracting more customers. . It can be said that the food retail industry across the world are simultaneously differentiating and consolidating. It is known by conducting research to the market regarding the integrity and safety of the foods they maintain in order to satisfy the consumers of the countries. H 0 : Global market strategies depend on the changing perspectives of consumers H 1 : Global market strategies does not depend on the changing perspectives of consumers Demands of the consumers are important aspect in the perspective of developing strategies of the global supermarket retail chains. Preferences of the consumers are the main criteria that businesses of every sector follow while standing apart in the competitive market in terms of different business operations such as revenue, customers, product expansion, market expansion, etc. The section will focus on the effect of changing patterns of the consumer demands in the perspective of shopping attributes and perception of choosing things especially food and other grocery items. There are also some problems that are faced by the global supermarket chains along with the supermarkets of Australia. Food and retail transition among the supermarket retail are caused due to the change in the consumer’s choice especially in terms of food items. The British people are known for consuming more calories when compared with other people of the different countries of the world. The transitional middle-income group is known for more consumption of processed foods that have very high in energy and salt content. These foods are known as problem foods because these foods are responsible of creating risks of different types of diabetes and cardio-vascular diseases. Research has been done not only to the supermarkets across different parts of the world but also to the consumers who are considered as the shoppers. It can be said that more than 85% of the respondents are preferring supermarkets for buying their essential things[14]. Among them, almost half of the consumers are regularly visiting the supermarkets and the convenience stores. They are focused in buying foods those are health y and does not contain more fat. The consumers purchase fresh bakeries, vegetables and different organic foods more than processed meats, soft drinks, fast foods, deep fried foods, instant foods, etc.) Apart from that, the supermarkets focus on the service quality, customer loyalty, and customer satisfaction and the self-checkout service for increasing the customer loyalty and the increase of the sales. The technological advancements of the supermarkets are responsible for increase of the sales of their products as well as setting various programs for the development of customer loyalty programs. Apart from that, self-service checkouts must be improved so that the customers are not facing any rush while shopping in the supermarkets. Tesco has improved their clubcards and other applications that help them in shopping at Tesco very easily[15]. Customized offers and discounts are set by the company to engage the shoppers to shop at Tesco. Aldi, Tesco, develops mobile applications so that customers can choose their products easily and can avail many benefits. New product development especially in terms of foods is the reason of changing patterns of the customers towards consumption of foods. The concept of e-retailing is also on demand that is responsible for attracting most of the youngsters. The youngsters are usually tech savvy and are focused to the latest trends of fashion on different items. Hence, the retailers are developing products according to the latest trends by keeping the price margin quite affordable. However, it can be said that different retailers across the world are focusing on global supply chain for seeking the benefits of lower cost in terms of agri-food supply chains[16]. The supermarket retail chains of United States of America are focusing on the just in time so that they can distribute the products to the customers in a proper time[17]. It can be concluded that American retailers such as Walmart, British retailer Tesco and German retailer Aldi are known for implementation of technologies by conducting a proper research on the customers of their areas of operations. The methods and the discounts are different from one country to another country. The food retailers are considered to as more focus to the demands and preferences of the customers. New food products along with customer service techniques are developed as per the choices and shopping patterns of the customers of their target markets. It can be said that supermarkets from all parts of the world are strongly agree about the fact of following the changing shopping patterns of the consumers of their target market in order to sustain in the target market. H 0 : The Supermarket giants rule the global retail industry H 1 : The Supermarket giants does not rule the global retail industry The big multinational supermarket retail giants rule global food and grocery markets. However, the importance of the independence groceries or the local retailers is considered as an important contributor of the economy of different countries. It can be said that the local grocers have a particular market share in many parts of the countries. The section will describe about the facts about the local grocery retailers of the world[18]. Local retailers in many undeveloped and developing countries are still preferred by huge customers in the rural areas. There is a sentiment that works behind the preference of choosing local groceries over big supermarkets. However, there are many advantages while shopping from a supermarket when compared to local grocery retailers, but the trust factor is more in the local shops than the big supermarkets. Apart from that, rural people rely on trust factor than other factors of price and availability of the goods. In the rural areas of different countries these things happen. On the contrary, the residents dwelling in the urban areas are focused to shop from the supermarket retail shops as they are price sensitive and the availability of the products are huge compared to the local retail shops[19]. There are many schemes and offers that the customers can avail while shopping from retail stores of Walmart, Tesco, Metcash, Coles, etc. There is a fact of going digital that is an area of top priority. It is seen that the supermarkets are going online in order to engage customers in the 24*7 shopping. They also provide extra discounts and offers in order to attract customer base. The huge varieties of products except groceries are a reason of threat for the local retailers. The different ranges of food products along with other daily requirement essential products are huge in number in terms of the quantity. Apart from that, the quality of the products in supermarkets is also high from that of the local retailers. It is the reason of the preference of the urban customers while shopping at the supermarkets[20]. To compete with the competitors, local retailers of many developed and developing countries like Germany, France, Malaysia, China, Japan, India, etc. are developing their operations in their target market. The target market of the local retailers is relatively very small compared to the big multinational retail stores. The strategies include lower price of the products. The most important is the use of the concept of convenience stores. The convenient stores are present in many local areas where consumers usually seek. Apart from the groceries items, the local grocery retailers are now storing different essential products that are required in the daily life of the consumers[21]. Research has showed that huge customer’s base is shifted towards the convenient store format of the local retailers. The element of trust factor is enhanced by the owner of the shops in order to convince them to buy goods from their shops. Technologies are also used by them in the operations of distribution maintain stocks in the stores, inventory level maintenance, etc. while maintaining the stock of the shop up to date. In conclusion, it can be mentioned that retail industry of Australia is increasing rapidly. However, the increment rate had been decreased compare to 2015. This is due to the reason that customers remain cautious about their spending during the whole year due to low level of income growth. People are becoming more inclined towards high quality products. Online retailing has become more important compare store retailing. Customers have become more concern about hygienic products. Omni channel marketing has become important part of marketing technique used in retail market. Companies like Coles, Woolworths and Wesfarmers have incorporated this strategy to enhance their business performance. Azizul Islam, Muhammad and Ameeta Jain, "Workplace Human Rights Reporting: A Study Of Australian Garment And Retail Companies" (2013) 23  Australian Accounting Review Brenes, Esteban R., Luciano Ciravegna and Daniel Montoya, "Super Selectos: Winning The War Against Multinational Retail Chains" (2015) 68  Journal of Business Research Burch, David, Jane Dixon and Geoffrey Lawrence, "Introduction To Symposium On The Changing Role Of Supermarkets In Global Supply Chains: From Seedling To Supermarket: Agri-Food Supply Chains In Transition" (2012) 30  Agriculture and Human Values Cameron, Adrian J. et al, "Do The Foods Advertised In Australian Supermarket Catalogues Reflect National Dietary Guidelines?" [2015]  Health Promotion International Carlos Fandos Roig, Juan et al, "Social Value In Retail Banking" (2013) 31  International Journal of Bank Marketing Charwak, B., "Pattern Of Retail Marketing" (2013) 6  Adarsh Journal of Management Research Cuneo, Andres et al, "The Growth Of Private Label Brands: A Worldwide Phenomenon?" (2015) 23  Journal of International Marketing Demirci Orel, Fatma and Ali Kara, "Supermarket Self-Checkout Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, And Loyalty: Empirical Evidence From An Emerging Market" (2014) 21  Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services Doherty, Bob, Alastair Smith and Sara Parker, "Fair Trade Market Creation And Marketing In The Global South" (2015) 67  Geoforum Elder, Sara D. and Peter Dauvergne, "Farming For Walmart: The Politics Of Corporate Control And Responsibility In The Global South" (2015) 42  The Journal of Peasant Studies Gadalla, Eman, Kathy Keeling and Ibrahim Abosag, "Metaverse-Retail Service Quality: A Future Framework For Retail Service Quality In The 3D Internet" (2013) 29  Journal of Marketing Management Kelly, Matthew et al, "Thailand's Food Retail Transition: Supermarket And Fresh Market Effects On Diet Quality And Health" (2014) 116  British Food Journal Krisjanti, Wenefrida Mahestu Noviandra,  The Effects Of Cultural Adaption In Immigrants' Purchasing Of Store Brands  (1st ed, 2012) Macfadyen, Sarina et al, "The Role Of Food Retailers In Improving Resilience In Global Food Supply" (2015) 7  Global Food Security Makandar, N, "A Review Of Contemporary Retail Formats In Emerging Australia" (2013) 43  Australian Journal of Marketing Makandar, N., "a study on referral marketing" [2014]  ELK Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Retail Management Marcondes e Santos, Renata Borini, "Analysis Of The Economic And Environmental Benefits Through The Reverse Logistics For Retail" (2014) 3  American Journal of Environmental Protection Ochieng, E.G. et al, "Integration Of Energy Efficient Technologies In UK Supermarkets" (2014) 67  Energy Policy Raff, Horst and Nicolas Schmitt, "Manufacturers And Retailers In The Global Economy" (2016) 49  Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'à ©conomique Srivastava, R. K., "Role Of Music On Perceived Price In Retail Stores" (2013) 43  Australian Journal of Marketing Winson, Anthony and Jin Young Choi, "Dietary Regimes And The Nutrition Transition: Bridging Disciplinary Domains" [2016]  Agriculture and Human Values With a decade's experience in providing essay help,

Frozen yogurt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Frozen yogurt - Essay Example It has limited flavor as such it does not appeal to the taste-buds. Another brand of yogurt that I tried was Scream frozen yogurt. There is nothing to scream about it, its design is cute, easy to find and park (as such no wastage of time), but its main drawback is that it is not organic. Topping selection is also limited. As for Bango Frozen yogurt, it has low calories, and the free wifi service in an inconvenient location will not serve my purpose apart from the important disadvantage that the yogurt is not tasty. Frozen yogurt is my food. I am willing to skip my dinner and eat yogurt to my heart’s content. It is nutritious and easy to digest and it helps to keep my body fit and fine. With the addition of artificial flavors, the original flavor of yogurt is lost. As such, I like flavor-free yogurt. The original sweet-sour flavor of yogurt appeals to me. I like frozen yogurt for its quality and appearance. Majority of my friends like frozen yogurt and I would like to go by their choice. We friends go for social gatherings and after the school hours we reach out to Panda Yo outlet to enjoy eating yogurt. Eating it in the company of the classmates/friends, gives great satisfaction. Even though I like natural yogurt normally, I often choose some mild flavors and of them I like strawberry the best. But I make it a point to experiment with different flavors, when I decide to go for flavored

Relationship Between Globalization And National Identities Essay

Relationship Between Globalization And National Identities - Essay Example This project stresses that having examined the impact of globalization on national identity, it would suffice to conclude that the relationship between the two variables is complex; however, what is clear enough is that national identities are still crucial features in today’s era of globalization and will remain unchanged through the coming decades. The perceived negative impact of globalization and advancements in communication technologies on national identities is insignificant because national identities in the so-called global village are not fragmented as it has been previously suggested. This paper makes a conclusion that despite the presence of strong sub-state national identities, devolution as well as separatist movements in the UK, an imminent disintegration of Britain is quite unlikely and the increasing cultural diversity of the society does not necessarily complement or threaten national identities. Countries are defined by their unique national practices that are framed in unique national symbols; national practices within countries contribute immensely to people’s everyday experiences. In that respect, national identities are inseparable from national practices and as long as these practices endure, national identities are here to stay and cannot decline even in the face of the increasing threat of globalization and advancement in information communication technologies.

False Confessions in Mississippi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

False Confessions in Mississippi - Essay Example Mississippi State has numerous records of individual wrongly convicted because of false confession. One of the clear examples is Bobby R. Dixon who suffered a wrongful conviction in Forrest County in 1980 alongside Larry Ruffin and Phillip Bivens. Bobby confessed to charges of rape and murder and later pled guilty in an attempt to avoid the death penalty, but imprisoned for 30 years.   Investigations found that Bobby was innocent and the real perpetrator captured. Bobby left prison in 2010 on grounds of medical parole and later in the same year he died of cancer (Mississippi Innocence Project). Arthur Johnson is another person wrongfully convicted in 1992 in Sunflower County with charges of rape and burglary. The court sentenced Arthur to 16 years imprisonment though DNA tests conducted in 2007 proved him innocent leading to his release in 2008. Further investigations with a DNA profile led to the identification of a man responsible for the crime that led to the conviction of Arthur. Kennedy Brewer is another victim of false confession that led to wrongful conviction 1995 and charged with rape and murder of girlfriend’s daughter. The court sentenced Kennedy to death through lethal injection, but Dthe NA test carried later on evidence gathered from the scene of crime implicated another person. His exoneration came in February 2008 after serving 12 years imprisonment and being the fifth in death row (Mississippi Innocence Project). Police interrogators have also threatened suspects that about receiving heavier charges if they fail to admit and lighter charges if they confess responsibility for a crime that otherwise they are not. False confessions are admissions to criminal offenses and subsequent narrative of how and why the crime occurred by confessors who in reality are not responsible. False confessions are common in judicial systems, but mostly go unnoticed and unrecorded. The difficulty in noticing false confessions relates to the tendency of police not to keep records of such occurrences, which makes it difficult for researchers and criminal analysts to study their underlying characteristics (Mississippi Innocence Project).

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

International Business - Essay Example Apart from the fact that most countries wanted to protect their sovereignty and independence, there were other factors that Hill (2009) noted as being a cause to reasons countries were not opening up to each other in terms of trade. Some of these factors have been named to include geographic distance, time zone differences, language, differences in government regulation, culture, and business systems. With time, there seemed to be two major causes of trade revolution, which was going to lead to an eventual state of international trading opportunities for most countries. The first of this was the fact that most of the factors listed by Hill (2009) seemed to have had their solutions. For example there became more rapid means of transport cross geographic learnt and the learning of foreign languages increased (quote). The second issue was that countries started appreciating the benefits they would derive from trading freely among themselves (quote). Today, trade liberalization seem to b e a more popular and preferred term to sovereignty. As countries started opening up their doors to each other for international trading to begin, the need to ensure that such international trade were taking place in a state of perfect organization of trade was necessitated. Quickly, technology would be employed for most of the processes and acts of international trading, making integration, regularization of trade and non-physical commerce even easier. At the point that technology was merged into international trade was the point that quote (year) argues that the wake of globalization was born. In this essay there is a discussion on globalization, which is today used as a term not only to define the notion that countries trade among themselves but that countries are now moving towards a world in which national economies are merging into an interdependent global economic system. By global economic system, reference is being made to the fact that the kind of economic relations

Pathophysiology Of The Bubonic Plague Term Paper

Pathophysiology Of The Bubonic Plague - Term Paper Example Of these the most common form in bubonic plague (WHO, 2011) and this will be discussed in this essay. Pathogenesis Yersinia pestis is an anerobic facultative gram-negative intracellular bacillus (Dufel, 2009). The organism is mainly transmitted from host to human beings through bite of a vector. The host is usually rodent and vector is flea. Other sources of transmission are close contact with body fluids or tissues contaminated or infected with the organism and inhalation of aerosolized bacteria. There are more than 200 different rodents and these serve as hosts. the vector flea is Xenopsylla cheopis (Dufel, 2009). So far, about 30 different species of flea have been identified (Dufel, 2009). Other carriers of plague causing bacillus include human lice and ticks. there are certain rodents that are resistant to infection like deer mice and wood rates. These however form an enzootic stage in which the bacillus survives long-term. Sometimes, the fleas transfer the pathogenic bacteria t o animals that are susceptible to the disease like ground squirrels. Whenever large number of host animals die, the hungry fleas search new sources of food. This is the epizootic stage and this stage helps spread of organisms to newer territory. When human beings are infected from wild animals, a sylvtic stage occurs. Most carnivores are resistant to the disease, but they can act as transfer vectors. Birds, reptiles, hoofed animals and fish are resistant to the disease (Dufel, 2009). Virulent plague-causing organism survive in soil, grains, animal carcasses, flea feces, dried sputum and buried bodies (Ayyadurai et al, 2008). 80- 85 percent cases are bubonic form (Dufel, 2009). Bubonic plague is caused by deposition of the bacillus in the skin because of the bite of flea. The bacillus proliferates in the esophagus of the flea, preventing the entry of food into the stomach, This causes starvation and to overcome this, the flea starts sucking blood. In the process of swallowing, recoil ing of the distended bacillus-packed esophagus occurs, thus depositing bacillus into the skin of the victim. The bacillus then invades the lymphoid tissue near the site of bite, producing bubos which are nothing but lymph nodes that have become necrotic, inflamed and hemorrhagic due to pathophysiology of the disease. Untreated bubonic plague can eventually lead to bacteremia and septicaemia. The bacillus has the capacity to seed every organ, including the liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys and even the meninges. The most virulent form of plague is the pneumonic plague. This occurs when the bacilli get deposited in the vasculature. In this condition, there occurs early dissemination and no bubo formation is seen. Such a pathology is seen when the bite occurs in regions of high vascularity like tonsils, pharynx and oral mucosa (Dufel, 2009). Epidemiology The disease is endemic in several countries in the world like Africa, Asia, the Americas and the former Soviet Union. According to WHO (2 011), " in 2003, 9 countries reported 2118 cases and 182 deaths. 98.7% of those cases and 98.9% of those deaths were reported from Africa." The distribution of plague endemicity depends on the geographical distribution of the natural foci of infection, the small animals and fleas (WHO, 2011). Bubonic plague has occurred as several epidemics in the world. The first recorded epidemic was during the 6th century in the

ENTREPRENEURSHIP & INNOVATION IN ORGANISATIONS Assignment

ENTREPRENEURSHIP & INNOVATION IN ORGANISATIONS - Assignment Example 88). Innovation introduces a change, a new combination from what is familiar. Schumpeter, a pioneer in the study of innovation and entrepreneurship, posits that the main force that brings about this structural change is the â€Å"perennial gale of creative destruction† (Schumpeter, 1942). Thinking out of the box seems to be one valuable trait of innovators and entrepreneurs. Although related, the processes of innovation and entrepreneurship are different. Innovation is sparked by a new idea. The idea can be a new technology such as a gadget that can provide more convenience to consumers, a new service like an alternative form of relaxation, a new product, or even a new administrative procedure. Such ideas are driven by needs that are seen by the innovators. Innovation requires creativity. Engle, Mah & Sadri (1997) define Creativity as the ability to develop ideas through one of three processes. One is creation or the development of something new. Another is the synthesis or combination of concepts. The third process is modification or the changing or improvement of things (Anderson, 1992). Indulging in such processes makes the entrepreneur a creative thinker who modifies or rejects previously accepted ideas to build innovations from practically anything. In organizations, innovation becomes the growth of a new idea from its initial state into its actualized form as a full-blown innovation (Roberts, 2006). Schumpeter (1939) mentions various types of innovations: the introduction of new products, new methods of production and new forms of business organization as well as the penetration of new input—and output markets. The people who drive and protect the innovative ideas are the entrepreneurs. They are responsible in designing and developing a programme of activities that push the innovative idea forward.

Personal Philosophy of Education Essay Example for Free

Personal Philosophy of Education Essay Education is an important part of growth of the individual. Education can mean a lot of things. One of the definitions of education is the experience of the individual learning and gaining knowledge while inside the structured educational system. Today, one of the strongest beliefs when it comes to education is that learning starts during the early childhood years of the individual. Because of that, education philosophies have strongly revolved around this particular idea. This in turn has created many different perspectives and ideas in learning and education. The three important aspects of this philosophy on education are hinged on the consideration of children, teaching and learning. Generally, the philosophy is about the belief that children should be exposed to learning with focus on two different areas as soon as they are in the age fit for school-based learning. This usually ranges from five to seven years old onwards, depending on the mental, emotional and psychological disposition of the individual. This philosophy of education puts important consideration to the differences among individual children. This means younger children already fit for structured learning is not discouraged from starting even at a younger age. Those who are not yet fully ready are not discouraged either but will be the target of additional stimulation to be at par with the capabilities of those who are in the same age bracket as the child is. This philosophy in education is inspired by the Montessori Method. The belief of this method is that the children all possess natural inner guides inside them. The structured academic learning experience only acts as a means to provide for material and additional assistance to the children as they learn by themselves through their instincts, something that the creator of the Montessori approach recognized through observation. Montessori developed a new philosophy of education based upon the intuitive observation of children (Lillard, 1988, p. 29). In using the Montessori approach to creating the philosophy of education, the approach and perspective towards learning is strongly influenced by the ideals of Montessori approach. Examples are the treatment in learning, its ideas about children and the role of school and education, etc. , using the Montessori results in the consideration and inclusion of the learning theories that this particular approach entails. In this paradigm of teaching style and educational philosophy, the teacher takes the role of the mature overseer. In realization of the ability of the children to naturally learn via their experiences in the environment, the teacher makes sure that children are placed in an environment free from obstacles that could hamper, hinder, impair or impact negatively their learning experience. This approach is more focused on preparing the environment wherein the children are, for most of the time, left to their own devices to learn via experiential processes, and, when necessary providing the necessary and sufficient intervention. The philosophy of education is focused on the belief that what the children need to learn (in communication, in mathematics, in logic development, in interpersonal skills, and in other academic and non-academic components of child education) can be found in the childs experiential learning in a controlled environment where the learning experience has the potential to reach its optimum growth and development. The philosophy of education in this particular condition puts importance in the instincts of the child, in the effort to encourage the children to develop their instincts and to not put a stupor on such natural capacity which is crucial and important for long term learning. Perspective on Children This philosophy of education sees children as individuals who are created with the natural ability for learning. However, because of their lack of experience as well as necessary knowledge to make themselves fully capable and full developed individuals, they need to undergo educational experience beginning at their young years. Children is viewed not as individuals who need to be spoon-fed with things that can improve their own knowledge and skill set. Rather, they are individuals who need to be guided especially in their learning stages so that they can develop as capable, competent, learned and mature individuals in the future. Children are not viewed as entities that are commanded to follow. Rather, they are individuals whose own self compass is sufficient for them to move in the direction they need and want to since they are created with the natural tendencies for learning and knowledge development. They are not robots with minds that are like computers programs that can be tweaked, altered and changed depending on the perspective and disposition of the educational institution. On the other hand, the main responsibility of the school and its teachers is to make sure that each of the autonomous and independent minds be able to grow and develop towards each individual’s own complex and unique entity. Children are individuals who are sufficiently equipped, physiologically, but nonetheless requires intervention if only for the sake of maximizing, harnessing and developing the potential that each child has. Perspective in Teaching The teacher or teaching component of this philosophy of education is about the role of teachers and the teaching process as a tool. It guides and provides necessary intervention sufficient enough to guide the children into learning and knowledge building but not excessive enough to dictate the educational experience and the learning process of the child. This is considering the fact that the child is depended upon to use his/her natural instincts for learning. Perspective in Learning The learning perspective of this philosophy in education revolves around the central idea that learning is something that is natural to an individual, something that he or she experiences even when the individual is at his or her very young age. In this philosophy of education, learning is something that should be experienced by the child by allowing the child to interact with his or her environment, the creation and set up of which is a result of the conscious effort of the teacher and the school. Learning is something that comes naturally. Learning results to knowledge and information set in an individual to which the school and the teacher has a strong influence on, especially in guaranteeing the absorption of information that the child needs to know during the learning process. Reference Lillard, P. P. (1988). Montessori: A Modern Approach. New York: Schocken Books.

Effects of Media on Public Discourse

Effects of Media on Public Discourse MICHAEL GANIDEKAM DO SOCIAL MEDIA ENCOURAGE OR DETRACT FROM MEANINGFUL  PUBLIC DISCOURSE? When one is asked a question on â€Å"What is the greatest power evident in this 21st Century?† answers and thoughts will cut across recent powerful countries like the US or China, or other great transnational businesses. But that really depends on the person’s perception on how he/she defines power. Anything that has the ability to bring about change and status is how I define power that is why I consider the internet as the greatest power in the 21st Century. The impact and contributions this technological invention has brought on human life and the world cannot be denied or silenced about. Mangold and Faulds (2009) points how Social Media has influenced and contributed in many aspects of stakeholder behaviours in relation to how information is received and consumer attitudes towards a product or service. Social media as defined by Lindsey (2011) refers to internet-based applications which allow communication and sharing of information and resources between people. It also provides a means by which people can connect to each other through the internet. Social media can also be identified as a group of internet-based applications intended to build on ideological and technological foundations that allow the establishment and exchange of content generated by users (Kaplan and Haenlein, 2010). Social Media can also be considered as technology-facilitated dialogue driven through platforms like social networking, social bookmarking, wikis etc. to connect with the public. (Reilly and Hynan, 2014). Social media comprises of a wide range of online channels. They include word-of-mouth forums which include blogs, discussion boards sponsored by companies and chat rooms, consumer-to-consumer email, internet discussion platforms and forums, social networking websites and more. Examples include Face book, Twitter, YouTube, wikis, blogs, LinkedIn, MySpace etc. Kaplan and Haenlein (2010) observed how social media use has evolved in wonder through the past decade from frequent changes affecting communication through new technologies to help interact and share information. According to McLuhan’s medium theory for new media, it states that, â€Å"any advanced modern society is shaped by the various media technologies that are available to it† (Laughey, 2007). Kaplan and Haenlein (2010) identified two key elements of Social Media, related to the theory of media research which is Social Presence and Media Richness. The social presence theory states that, media vary in the degree of social existence and allow the merging of two communication partners. The higher the social existence, the larger of influence that communication partners have on each other. And other key element, media richness theory bases its assumption that the goal of any communication is the resolution of ambiguity and the lessening of uncertainty. Because media vary in the level of richness, some media are more effective in resolving ambiguity and uncertainty than others. Connecting the theories to Social Media, we assume that, a classification can be made based on the richness of the medium of communication and the level of social existence it allows. Van Dijk (1997) identified discourse in three dimensions which are language use, communication of beliefs and interaction in social situations. He further noted how the use of language is not only limited to speaking but also encompasses written text communication where ‘text’ is defined as the product of writing. Written texts are integral in how one wants to communicate with language through speaking and writing and the modes for this discourse is what Van Dijk (1997) termed as ‘Users’, who include authors and readers. This theory is appropriate in Social Media where texts play a vital role in the communication and interaction process. Meaning is another important element in a discourse. Laughey (2007, as cited in Hall, 1982) observed that, â€Å"Meaning is a social production, a practice. The world has to be made to mean. Language and symbolism is the means by which meaning is produced†. He further explained that, language is made to mean something by encoding by the producers and this is then made to mean something through decoding by audiences. The encoding and decoding model of semiotic theory for meaning creation helps to know if Social Media messages have meanings rather than just reflecting meanings (Hall, 1993). In understanding meaning in a discourse, Van Dijk (1997) postulates two notions; Topic and Reference. ‘Topic’ is the general meaning that defines the unity of a discourse and most often are expressed in sectors of media as headlines, posts or summaries and an example can be seen on either of the social networks posts. He also posit that, topics are usually the best remembered part of a discourse which I agree to because when one has about 500 friends on Facebook and posts a content with the topic â€Å"Ebola in Scotland†, the topic easily circulates and be remembered when the reader or recipient might not have been able to remember the whole detail of the information. The other notion is ‘reference’ and this is the way a discourse and its meaning are linked to imagery events that is been talked about or trending as we call it in Twitter. Therefore in achieving a consistent discourse resulting in a meaningful one, Van Dijk (1997) argues the text of the content must be about events or situations that relate at least with the speaker or sender. A meaningful discourse can therefore be defined as a process of partnership and social negotiation with the goal of sharing different viewpoints and ideas and to collaborate on solving problems and knowledge building activities (Gilbert and Dabbagh, 2005 as cited in Duffy and Cunninggham, 1996). Let’s consider one of the Social Media platforms in perspective and how it is lessening meaning in a discourse. Twitter is a social networking platform where users send and receive text-based updates called tweets (Fairclouth, Mulderrig and Wodak, 2011). These tweets can be delivered and read web based or via instant messaging clients. On this platform, users choose whom they want to follow either an individual or a group or even strangers; they then receive all updates written and posted by them. About engagement on this platform, a Twitter user follows a range of people and some of these people do post updates of which some offer useful words of advice, links, news or amusing tales. But many of these messages might just be scanned through, no much concentration, appeal and sometimes put the person off. Sometimes the intimacy of Social Media contexts is not always positive as Crawford (2009) postulates. It can create discomfort, confusion or resentment. She therefore mentione d that sometimes Twitter users may require dexterity based on its demands of news updates to messages, information about what is trending in the day or what somebody had for breakfast. Korschun and Du (2012) argues that Social Media users are not passive audience but rather are active co-creators of worth but Asur et al. (2011) rebuts that, Social Media generates a never-ending wealth of content and that only few messages and topics manage to attract enough attention and engage in public discourse. In this technological age, one is able to express his/her opinions, ideas, and thoughts freely via the Social Media at no cost or charge. No form of regulation is binding users for signing in/up, liking a post on someone’s page, or following someone on Twitter. The only thing evident is the attainment of information. With Social networks like Facebook and Twitter, ‘liking’ something is assumed as the determinant of worth to the one who posted that information. Liking does not necessarily mean anything to the recipient because we cannot argue if just liking something on a page describes how the recipient is feeling or thinking when doing that (Zappavigna, 2012). I can testify to this myself as an ardent Social Media freak that, most often, the thought process in liking something on a page maybe absent hence done passively. A Facebook user can log into his/her account only to be welcomed with a well of texts or posts and even begging you to see more. When messages are posted on Social Media and become disturbing to the recipient, they lose meaning and thus become ‘noise’ to audiences or users. Any undesired uncertainty of message or information received is called noise (Nunes, 2011). He also mentioned that noise can reduce the potential of communication in a discourse. This case of noise cuts across all the platforms of Social Media for example with one of the social networking platforms called Twitter. This system can provide pop up messages on users screens whenever messages called ‘tweets’ are received passively serving as disproportionate fracas (Zappavigna, 2012). Social Media users have come to trade commitments with engagements or interactions for a pat on the back, and this discourse is eroding that true culture of dialogue and the ability to nuance values we actually like. Think about it in this way, the majority of content posted on a social/web page each day and contrast that with interacting in real life. Which is meaningful? About content on Social Media, Lee (2014) posit that, it is not a discussion but a statement and this makes the internet an accumulation of statements, thereby resulting in dialogue lost for a meaningful discourse. One can testify to how information presented in person through interaction in real life feels. Another limitation for a meaningful discourse is when content is ignored and considered unworthy to recipients and when content is in the viral state. When a user is present online, his/her account cannot disallow posts from trawling onto the page but the only remedy is to ignore them. Lee (2014) identified virulence on Social Media as the circulation of a statement online which does not offer room for discussion. An example of such incidence is the confusion on mislabelling a missing student as the suspect following the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing. Somebody jokingly posted his name on Twitter and his name ended up trending nationally, though he had nothing to do with the attack. All these factors account for the depreciation of the worth to address and discuss issues in depth. The proliferation of misinformation on Social Media is in influx and easily goes viral. Examples of such include posts on misguided drug use/health, false organisations or individuals appear to deceive or fraud people, false information circulating and many more. An example can be traced to the recent first diagnosis case of ‘Ebola’ virus in the United States on September 30, 2014. The patients were tested and proved negative but Social Media users on Twitter kept ‘tweeting’ as if the virus was running rampant in the country. There is nothing wrong with how Social Media use has helped in engaging and communicating with a large and diverse virtual community of people but the argument here is that it does not provide fulfilment on the platform. Interaction between individuals physically confers a much better way to dialogue and know who the person is and how well trust can be expressed on them. The anonymity of oneself on cyberspace allows others to in some way disassociate with their ideas, thoughts and even actions. One may argue of having friends on Facebook for example but that does not define what a true community is but is rather classified as a virtual presence. Interaction on this platform is not face-to-face even if the friends appear online to be engaged in an interaction. How can you justify if the supposed friends are the real people you are engaging with at that time? Sometimes unperceptive arguments are started online for example in politics and before you realise feelings are sparked unleashing a swath of ridiculous and offensive comments making it look so dramatic. Social Media discussions are becoming so much dramatic and provocative much more than the usual physical interactions would have been (Beirut, 2009). Social Media in my opinion detracts from meaningful discourse; the concept of engagement and presence is one of the challenges that has been forfeited and relegated for the virtual presence. Social Media evolution has brought about a lot of impacts and contributions but the reality is this, it is teaching us to know the better forms of interaction and engagement that is deeper and truer within a meaningful communication discourse. References ASUR, S., HUBERMAN, B.A., SZABO, G. and WANG, C., 2011. Trends in social media: persistence and decay. ICWSM. BEIRUT, 2009.Why do people really tweet? The psychology behind tweeting!Retrieved November 5, 2010. [online] Available from: http://blog.thoughtpick.com/2009/08/why-do-people-really-tweet-the-psychology-behind-tweeting.html [Accessed on 15 November 2014] CRAWFORD, K., 2009. Following you: Disciplines of listening in social media. Continuum: Journal of Media Cultural Studies, 23(4), pp. 525-535 FAIRCLOUGH, N., MULDERRIG, J. and WODAK, R., 2011. Critical discourse analysis. Discourse studies: A multidisciplinary introduction, pp. 357-378 GILBERT, P.K. and DABBAGH, N., 2005. How to structure online discussions for meaningful discourse: A case study. British Journal of Educational Technology, 36(1), pp. 5-18 HALL, S., 1993. Encoding, decoding. The cultural studies reader, 4, pp. 90-103 KAPLAN, A.M. and HAENLEIN, M., 2010. Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business horizons, 53(1), pp. 59-68 KENT, M. L., MAUREEN, T., WHITE, W.J., 2003. The relationship between website design and organizational responsiveness to stakeholders. Public Relations Review, 29(1), 63-77. KIETZMANN, J.H. et al., 2011. Social media? Get serious! Understanding the functional building blocks of social media. Business horizons, 54(3), pp. 241-251 KOLLER, V., 2005. Critical discourse analysis and social cognition: evidence from business media discourse. Discourse Society, 16(2), pp. 199-224 LAUGHEY, D., 2007. Key themes in media theory. McGraw-Hill International. pp. 60-90 LINDSAY, B.R., 2011. Social media and disasters: Current uses, future options, and policy considerations. Congressional Research Service. MANGOLD, W.G. and FAULDS, D.J., 2009. Social media: The new hybrid element of the promotion mix. Business horizons, 52(4), pp. 357-365 NUNES, M., 2011. Error: glitch, noise and jam in new media cultures. New York: Continuum. pp. 13-18 REILLY, A.H. and HYNAN, K.A., 2014. Corporate communication, sustainability, and social media: Its not easy (really) being green. Business horizons, 57(6), pp. 747-758 SIFFERLIN, A., 2014. Fear, misconception and Social media complicate Ebola fight. [online] Available from: http://time.com/3479254/ebola-social-media/ [Accessed on 14 November 2014] VAN DIJK, T.A., 1997. The study of discourse. Discourse as structure and process, 1, pp. 1-22 ZAPPAVIGNA, M., 2012. Discourse of Twitter and social media: How we use language to create affiliation on the web. Bloomsbury Publishing.

Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay: The Existential Anguish of J. Al

The Existential Anguish of J. Alfred Prufrock      Ã‚   Upon reading Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," the first question which sprang to my mind was the question of how Eliot, a poet who was in his mid-twenties at the time, was able to write a poem dealing with the problems of aging in such a penetrating manner. Upon closer examination, however, I realized that Prufrock's aging was only incidental to his central problem. Prufrock's major problem is a problem of existential anguish. Prufrock's doubts about aging at a dinner party are merely one example of this anguish, and this party brings his psychology into sharp focus when the reader examines closely the moment in which the poem's events occur.    It is true that Prufrock's overtly expressed fears all seem to stem from his aging. For instance, he mentions the thinning of his hair in lines 40, 41, and 82; and the aging itself is mentioned toward the end of the poem:    I grow old . . . I grow old . . . I shall wear the bottoms of my trousers rolled. (lines 120-121)    However, all of Prufrock's problems stem from his insecurity and his inability to reveal his interest in the women at the party. "How should I presume?" he asks several times throughout the poem. (lines 54, 61, and 68) Prufrock is so entranced and frustrated by the women that every detail, including the arms "braceleted and white and bare" (line 63), the "long fingers" that smooth away the afternoon (line 76), and the "skirts that trail along the floor" (line 102) become everything to him in that moment.    These small details so obsess Prufrock and so occupy his mind, in fact, that everything else ceases to exist for him. He does not simply wonder how he should p... ... of the poem, then become clear. In the epigram, he quoted someone directly addressing the reader; in the first twelve lines, he invites us to "make our visit" (line 12); and in the three lines of the poem, Eliot tells us that "We have lingered [...] Till human voices wake us, and we drown." (lines 129-131) At this point, Eliot invites us to identify ourselves with the main character of the poem. J. Alfred Prufrock is not simply J. Alfred Prufrock. There is a quite a bit of Prufrock, with his self-doubt and his existential anguish, in all of us. But unlike Dante, we do not return to a normal life: we are merely drowned in "the chambers of the sea," (line 129), which the mermaids ride, uncaring.    References Eliot, T.S. "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" in The McGraw-Hill Book of Poetry. Ed. Robert DiYanni and Kraft Rompf. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993.

Compare Dulce et decorum est by Wilfred Owen, and Before Agincourt Essa

Compare Dulce et decorum est by Wilfred Owen, and Before Agincourt by William Shakespeare. Before Agincour and Dulce et decorum est ======================================== I have chosen to compare two poems for this piece of work, and they are Dulce et decorum est by Wilfred Owen, and Before Agincourt by William Shakespeare. Both look at War as the main subject, but express very different views on it. Wilfred Owen has written a very powerful poem about a man dying from a gas attack during the First World War, whereas Shakespeare writes a rhetoric poem about the honour and pride found in battle.  ¡Dulce et decorum est ¡, and  ¡Before Agincourt ¡ are two poems so incredibly far away, in meaning, from each other, that it is very difficult to compare them. The one big difference is their attitude towards war. Wilfred Owen has actually been in a war. He saw what he wrote about. He was there, as the writing is his thoughts and feelings. Shakespeare wasn ´t in the war he wrote about. He wrote about it after it happened, either as a way to boost morale in England at the time of the Spanish Armada for Queen Elizabeth, or because they were his own views on War. This battle did actually happen, but Henry didn ´t say these words, Shakespeare just put them in his mouth. Owen ´s poem is concrete. It happened and was real. He knows what he ´s talking about because he was there and went through it all. Shakespeare ´s poem is airy. It ´s abstract and doesn ´t appear to mean anything. At a first glance its just men talking, but when you read it properly you see that it is far more than that. Henry believes so much in what he ´s saying that he ´s prepared to die for it. It ´s a very spiritual poem, in that it is not earthed, o... ...y using words such as guttering, hoots and gargling. Shakespeare used no similes either, but Owen did, writing Bent double, like old beggars under sacks. In conclusion, I enjoyed Owen ´s poem much more than I did Shakespeare ´s. I felt that Before Agincourt was boring. I didn ´t like the lack of tension, action and drama. I thought that it just went on and on around the same idea, that the language was flowery and too old fashioned for me. Although both poems were repetitive, when Dulce et decorum est repeated words, it really hammered the message home, but when Before Agincourt repeated the same idea, it just bored me. I felt that Owen ´s poem less boring because it was fast paced. It really happened and the images it described were vivid and in your face. So, I would definitely recommend Owen ´s poem to anyone, and I did really enjoy writing about it.

Epicurus Essay -- Papers Philosophy Happniess

Epicurus Epicurus was a philosopher who was believed to be the one with all the answers to life. He encouraged the Ideal of Good Life, to live simple lives by seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. Epicurus views worries as unnecessary and unnatural desires. If these desires are avoided, he believes that all worries will be eliminated. Epicurus' metaphysical theory was based on Democritus's view of atoms. They were monists who believed all is matter, the soul is equivalent to the mind and comes apart at death. I feel that Epicurus' extravagance leads to pain, not pleasure; and, therefore, should be avoided. According to Epicurus, the purpose of life is happiness; and by happiness he means not that state of well being and perfection, but pleasure itself. The Epicurean goal to happiness was ataraxia, freedom from inner disturbance. Epicurus acknowledges the issue of pain caused by owning many material possessions. He believes that even though these possessions may make us happy, the long-term pleasure will not exist. Having many great possessions cause people to be happy, but then they want more and more, which means they will never reach happiness. I feel this point is true to some extent. Although quality of life is a very important point made by Epicurus, quantity also plays a big role. Epicurus takes this to the extreme level of never giving ones self any luxury at all. Everyone who lives on the earth has their good and bad days, when it is a bad day, as human beings we deserve to splurge every once in a while. We work hard here as humans and deserve some kind of replenishme nt for it, weather it is material, physical, emotional, or whatever else it is that one wants. Epicurus believes pleasure is the standar... ...o that is what we should have. Thirdly, unnecessary desires are vain and will not cause pain if absent. According to Epicurus, it is unnecessary to desire sex. I strongly disagree with this point because it is natural to have the urge for sexual interactions and necessary to fulfill them or else reproduction would not occur. It seems to me that Epicurus was the type of person who just wanted to live the life he was supposed to live so he could live life in the best possible way. Even though his beliefs were mostly unrealistic, his intent was to make it possible to live worry free. I feel that if Epicurus lived in today's society, he would have a completely different philosophy. Epicurus did not have enough information to back up all of his theories, and with our world today, he would have thought differently about his philosophy, ideal of the Good Life.

Modified Calendar Issue

Modifying a traditional school calendar essentially means that students attend school throughout the entire year with several mini-breaks rather than an extended summer break. There are both pros and cons involved in modifying the traditional school calendar. This essay will address the pros and provide rationale for selecting one calendar over another. Traditional School Calendar Growing up with a traditional school calendar, going to school from August until June and having the glorious three-month summer was something to look forward to as a child. According to Hsu’s article in the San Bernardino Sun, â€Å"Parents said a shorter summer would limit teens' chances to work and do internships, and that families would have to cancel planned vacations† (2007). Community involvement is essential for a child to nurture ownership of the community and feel a sense of belonging. The extended summer calendar worked in the past, traditionally, and it would seemingly work now, except that things have changed over the years and a modified school calendar meets some needs of a changing world. Things that were not evident in the past have become apparent and a modified school calendar creates opportunity to address some of those needs whereas a traditional calendar does not. Modified School Calendar Many parents struggle with an age-old problem of coordinating breaks and vacations with their children. Many times children have longer breaks from school than the parents do from work. Shorter breaks are more reasonable and true to life in the business world, preparing children for a coming future. Harold Vollkommer, an assistant superintendent said, â€Å"Longer spring and winter recesses would provide time for students who were behind in school to take short, intensive remedial courses† (2007). This type of opportunity also helps by preparing students for greater responsibilities. Additionally, children learn how to manage their time. Working in internships and volunteering for the community becomes a year-round thing rather than just a summer thing. Conclusion Having experienced both calendars, I am in favor of the modified calendar. Traditions are nice and should never be forgotten; but, as time changes and new advancements are discovered and made, so must we be willing to modify a traditional way of doing things to accommodate our growth and potential. References Hsu, C. (2007). Board rejects proposed school calendar changes. Retrieved January 24, 2007 from,

Joy Cowley

Authors Study Joy Cowley was a phenomenal author, she has written multiple children books, adult fiction and non- fiction, besides her major impacts in literature she comes from a very interesting back round. Joy Cowley was born on August, 7, 1936, in Levin New Zealand. She was the eldest of four girls and one boy. Her parents Peter Summers and Cassie Gredge were both physically ill while joy was growing up, the condition of both their health caused the family to be finically poor.When joy attainted elementary school in her early years she struggled with her academics, she was a poor reader and writer. Since English was her second language it made learning a very difficult experience in her early years. At the age of eleven when she could still barley read, but was able to understand books threw pictures, she became book addicted and also a writing addiction eventually occurred. As time went on, after she finished school her parents sent her to the local pharmacy to work. Joy opposed this idea but she wanted to please her parents.If the choice was up to joy she would have continued into a career of art or journalism, but she wanted to make her parents happy at the time. Joy Started writing a lot while she worked in the pharmacy . At the age of 20, Joy married farmer Ted Cowley. They moved to a dairy farm. They decided to children, they had four children in a 5 year time span. The children’s names were Sharon, Edward, Judith and James. While the kids were growing up joy milked cows, changed diapers, made puppets and play dough and wrote short stories in the evenings.She eventually wrote stories for her son Edward who was a slow reader, the stories eventually made their way to other kids. When joy realized she was an extrodaniry writer she introduced novels to her children’s teachers. They enjoyed them so much; they actually made them into big books they read to their classes. The teachers asked her if she could please work on getting published. Whe n she eventually started focusing on children’s book, she was also writing adult novels. In 1978 Joy stopped writing adult novels; she took a five year brake.She started working with June Melser who was a teacher/ editor. During this time her influncely work started to occur she designed the Story Box Reading Programmer which was published by Shortland Publications, Auckland, NZ and then The Wright Group, USA. She became deeply involved in early reading and the five years of commitment became twenty years focusing on early childhood books. In 1999, after a 22 year brake from adult novels, she wrote again. This novel included many adult experiences that had occurred. The novel included her marriage to Ted Cowley that ended in 1967.She decided to get married to Malcolm Mason after her divorce in 1970, a Wellington writer/ accountant, who died in 1985. Her third marriage in 1989 was to Terry Coles. For years, Terry and joy lived in the Marlborough Sounds in New Zealand's South I sland, with an assortment of animals – sheep, chickens, ducks, 8 cats and a dog – and visits from 13 grandkids. In 2004 they moved to Wellington so that Terry could be nearer medical services suited us for a while but Terry’s heath deteriorated further, strokes leaving him with diminished sight, hearing and mobility.Wellington’s stairs and traffic became too much of a challenge for them and they had to move out of the city. They decided to leave wellington and move to a cottage in the township of Featherstone, here joy has a shed with a lathe and woodturning tools. Joy still currently alive is still a full time writer today she is focused on adult writing – articles, spiritual reflection material, stories and novels – and books for children. Over the years joy has won multiple awards for her work.She is a brilliant writer who comes from a very progressive back round who has a major impact on many readers around the world. Commemoration Medal for services to New Zealand| 1990| OBE (Order of the British Empire) for services to children's literature| 1992| Margaret Mahy Lecture Award| 1993| NZ Women's Suffrage Centennial Medal| 1993| Hon. D. Litt Massey University| 1993| Award Best TV Drama Script| 1994| Patron NZ Children's Book Foundation| 1994|Roberta Long medal for multicultural writing (USA)| 2002| A. W. Reed Award for Contribution to New Zealand Literature| 2004| Distinguished Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit (DCMNZ)| 2005| Prime Minister's Award for Fiction| 2010| University of Alabama, Birmingham, Maryann Manning Award for Outstanding Literacy Scholar| 2011| Joy Cowley said â€Å"that learning to read must be a pleasurable and meaningful exercise. If it isn't, then we teach children to read and to hate reading at the same time†.We infer that joy is a very passionate writer for young children, who wants all children to enjoy reading . Three of her books written by her, Mrs. Wishy-Washy, Mrs. Wishy -Washy Christmas, and Mrs. Wishy-Washy Farm relate to her back round of living on different farms. All three books have Ducks, Cows, and Pigs; they talk about taking care of each and every farm animal. A very interesting task we can do with young students is we can foreshadow the three books to joy personal autobiography.We can ask young readers who are exposed to these books, different questions about the similarities of joys book and her own personal life. Questions we can ask young readers and graph * Why do you think joy wrote about farm animals in all 3 books? * Do you think joy enjoyed the different animals? * Does Mrs. wishy washy remained joy of herself? * How can we compare The three books to Joy Cowley * After reading all three books what animals do you think were joy favorite ? This question will give to the oppurtinetey to draw which animals they think were joy favorite

Drug Abuse in Africa Essay

Apart from cannabis abuse in northern and southern Africa and khat chewing in north-eastern Africa, the history of drug abuse in Africa is relatively short. The abuse of drugs in Africa is nevertheless escalating rapidly from cannabis abuse to the more dangerous drugs and from limited groups of drug users to a wider range of people abusing drugs. The most common and available drug of abuse is still cannabis, which is known to be a contributing factor to the occurrence of a schizophrenic-like psychosis. The trafficking in and abuse of cocaine and heroin are the most recent developments in some African countries that had had no previous experience with these drugs. Efforts should be made to design and implement drug abuse assessment programmes to determine the real magnitude and characteristics of the problem and to monitor its trends. A lack of funds and a shortage of adequately trained personnel have made it difficult to implement drug abuse control programmes. In addition to formal drug control involving the implementation of legislation, there is an informal system of drug abuse control operating through the family, church, school, neighbourhood and work environment, as well as healthy recreational activities. It is suggested that efforts in African countries should be directed towards strengthening not only the formal drug control system but also informal control in order to compensate for the insufficient funds and the shortage of personnel trained in implementing formal drug control measures. It is very likely that the drug problems in African countries will worsen in future unless more effective measures are implemented to arrest the current situation. Introduction Drug abuse is defined as â€Å"†¦ excessive or inappropriate use of a [psycho-active] substance by a person ; such use being considered or judged to be illegal (immoral) by the culture and resulting in harm to the person or society† [ 1] . In defining the phenomenon , therefore , the key determinant is the perception of society of what constitutes drug abuse. It may be stated in general terms that the socio-cultural values and standards relating to drug abuse in Africa have been weakened by the influence of international developments relating to drug abuse , which have given rise to the change in what society considers abuse. Historical background The irresponsible use of drugs and alcohol by college students has always been an issue for university campuses, but the problem has become more and more frequent and has grown in familiarity with every passing generation. In past years, the problem has not only multiplied in frequency, but has also grown in danger. Now students are abusing not only recreational drugs like Marijuana and Cocaine, but also prescription drugs like Ritalin and others like it such as Adderall. â€Å"As many as 20 percent of college students have used Ritalin or Adderall to study, write papers, and take exams†¦ † (Jacobs 2). Medications like Ritalin are used to provide energy and concentration when a person cannot achieve them through regular means. Students take medication like Ritalin to help them deal with loss of sleep so they can stay up all night to cram and still do well in class. Students are now using similar medications like Adderall that are released over long periods of time so they can keep an energy high throughout an entire day instead of just one or two class periods. On some campuses, if you’re not using Ritalin or Adderall, you are just increasing your risk to fall behind. As one Columbia student said, â€Å"If you don’t take them, you’ll be at a disadvantage to everyone else† (Jacobs 3). This previous statement is unfortunately all oo true, these types of prescription medications are so popular and commonplace that students attending certain universities believe that â€Å"now it’s almost cool to take them† (Jacobs 2). Many college students have come to believe that these drugs are essential to their success, many believe that it can expand their intelligence and give them a learning advantage in classes they find difficult. This is false because these medications were only created to help people suffering from A. D. H. D. to maintain concentration and focus on tasks they previously found overwhelming. The rise in occurrence of disorders such as A. D. H. D. and A. D. D. in past years may have a link to this problem, many teens are diagnosed with attention disorders and the commonplace use of medications like Ritalin and Adderall may have led a lot of students to think that taking these drugs is normal. At Columbia University, a student even went as far as to say that â€Å"the culture here actually encourages people to use stimulants,† (Jacobs 2) Doctors have been seeing a rising amount of young adults who have claimed to have an attention deficit disorder in order to obtain medications to help them in college. Another leading cause of drug abuse is â€Å"the belief that drug abuse or the non-medical use of any drug will not have long-lasting effects on their health. † (Health Services 2) Campus health providers frequently see students who have over extended themselves by taking too many pills at once or too often and end up wandering in because they cannot function any further. Surveys and reports have confirmed that these forms of drug abuse have more than doubled in the last decade or so. â€Å"†¦ T]he number of teenagers†¦abusing prescription medications tripled from 1992 to 2003†¦ † (Jacobs 2). The ready availability of these drugs has also led to an increase in their wide-spread use, the â€Å"[T]he abuse of prescription drugs†¦has increased dramatically since the mid-1990s†(Leinwand 1). The majority of abused prescription drugs are either received from a friend or acquaintance that has been prescribed the medication or sold by someone on campus. Although prescription drug use has indeed increased â€Å"Alcohol remains the favored substance by far†¦ (Leinwand 1). Reportedly around 50 percent of college students consume alcohol on a regular basis. Although campus authorities have increased their efforts to put a lid on drinking in recent years, â€Å"in 2005, 83% of campus arrests involved alcohol†¦Ã¢â‚¬  So despite regular efforts, drinking on college campuses has continued to become progressively more common over the years, it is pretty much expected. Drinking is the college norm; almost every college student will consume alcohol before their graduation. Once a student becomes overly dependent on a substance, like alcohol or Ritalin, they can obtain help and possible treatment through their University’s health services and offices. Some of the treatments may be medical or involve a rehabilitation center or a student can seek help through a support network like AA or with a group of supporting family or friends. A student can also opt to go speak with a counselor or possibly a professor about their problems in class or their reliance on a substance that they feel is keeping them from failure in their schooling. Substance abuse can terribly interfere with a students ability to attend class and to achieve any type of learning, students should not let themselves be caught in the use or abuse of any such substance and should always be able to turn to a university advisor for help or support. Fellow stdents, advisors, and professors should always make an effort to reduce substance abuse on campuses every time they get the chance, because even if it does not end a life, substance abuse can and will destroy a life if it is given the chance and not stopped before it begins. With the exception of north Africa, where cannabis resin (hashish) has traditionally been used by members of the Sufi sect , east Africa, where the use of khat has been institutionalized , and perhaps southern Africa , where cannabis (dagger) has been widely used [ 2] , there is no evidence to support the view that the abuse of drugs has been part of the African heritage [ 3] , [ 4] . Other psycho-active substances currently being abused do not have historical antecedents in any part of Africa. Africans, though deeply religious, have not used drugs as a medium in religious rituals, and none of the indigenous herbal psycho-active substances have been used in ceremonies [ 2] . The situation in Africa and the life-styles of the Africans have drastically changed over the past years under the influence of industrial and urban developments. These developments have, in turn, changed the way in which he Africans achieve ataraxia ; at present, the easiest way to achieve it is to resort to psycho-active substances. Khat (Catha edulis), a plant grown mainly in southern Arabia and eastern and southern Africa [ 5] , first received international attention in 1935 at the League of Nations [ 6] . The psycho-active effects of khat chewing , which are derived from cathine and cathinone [ 7] , are similar to the effects produced by using amphetamines. Within the African region, khat has been grown and used in Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Somalia and the United Republic of Tanzania. The fact that the pleasurable , stimulating and euphoric effects of khat chewing can only be derived from the fresh leaves and shoots of the plant may have contributed to the low popularity of khat as a substance of abuse beyond the local areas of cultivation The plant Cannabis sativa, from which cannabis preparations such as marijuana and hashish are derived, grows wild in Africa. Certain evidence suggests that the cultivation of cannabis and its use as a drug of abuse were introduced into Africa from India [ 8] – [ 10] by the Sufi sect and by Asian traders and travellers [ 9] , [ 11] . One study indicated that the cannabis plant and its use could have been spread across the Sahara to west Africa around the sixteenth century [ 8] . There is also evidence suggesting that soldiers returning from the Second World War were responsible for the increased incidence of cannabis abuse in west Africa, particularly in Nigeria [ 2] , [ 4] . This is supported by the fact that in west Africa there is no known indigenous name for cannabis, nor has it been used there for mystical purposes. This is also supported by research findings indicating that cannabis is an important factor in the occurrence of mental illness in Africa [ 12] , [ 13] ; this factor is much less known in cultures where cannabis has for a long time been consumed [ 14] . Another possible route was across the Indian Ocean. This may have been the route by which travellers from India brought cannabis from India to east, central and south Africa as early as the second century, but there is no evidence to suggest that the use of cannabis spread at that time from there to the west coast of Africa. Current drug abuse situation in Africa Because of the lack of information on the subject, an assessment of the extent, patterns and trends of drug abuse in all the countries of Africa is not an easy task. There are no systems for collecting and retrieving data on drug abuse in African countries, and drug abuse assessment projects are urgently needed for all African countries. This article has, to a large extent, been prepared on the basis of data provided by various workshops and seminars held on the subject in the course of the past 12 years. The following paragraphs summarize the drug abuse situation according to the most commonly abused substances. Cannabis Cannabis grows wild in most parts of Africa but it is also illicitly cultivated. It is the most widely abused illicit drug in the region. It appears to be less abused in countries of east Africa, such as Ethiopia and Somalia, where the abuse of khat is prevalent. Although cannabis is not indigenous to west Africa, it is illicit ly cultivated and widely abused in that part of the continent. In Nigeria, cannabis is predominantly abused by teenagers, who begin using it at the age of 14. The situation in other west African countries is similar. * In particular, the 1974 Workshop of the Association of Psychiatrists in Africa (held at Nairobi, Kenya), the African Seminar on Problems of Drug Dependence (held at Lagos, Nigeria, in 1980) and the World Health Organization Workshop on Prevention and Management of Drug Dependence through Primary Health Care (held at Lagos, Nigeria, in 1985). Khat The chewing of khat has been practised for years and is, to a large extent, socially accepted in Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar and Somalia ; some of these countries are introducing control measures to discourage the cultivation and use of khat. Apart from the habitual use of khat, Workneh [ 15] reports that it is used by students to improve their academic performance, by truck drivers to keep themselves awake and by labourers to supply the extra vigour and energy they need for their work- It is interesting to note that the same reasons have been reported by cannabis users in west Africa. Amphetamines Amphetamines are imported into Africa, although there is no significant medical justification for using these substances. They are often illegally smuggled into African countries, where they eventually find their way into open markets and patent medicine stores. A few countries, such as Somalia, the Sudan and Togo, have not reported any amphetamine-related problems, but there is general consensus that the abuse of amphetamines in Africa is a problem mainly among adolescents and unskilled labourers, such as drivers and farmers. Opium Opium is reported to have been abused, sometimes in combination with cannabis or alcohol, in Mauritius, mainly among the Chinese ethnic group. Cocaine, heroin and lysergic acid diethylamide These drugs are not manufactured in Africa but have been increasingly present in Nigeria and other west African countries, as shown by recent seizures and arrests- The evidence suggests that African, and especially west African countries, are used by drug traffickers as transit points for heroin trafficking from South-East Asia to Europe and North America. It has recently been reported that some Nigerians have been used as carriers of drugs and some have invested in the illicit drug trafficking [ 16] . Cocaine and heroin have recently been seized for the first time in the Sudan. An increasing abuse of cocaine and heroin has been reported in Nigeria [ 13] . The abuse of these drugs has also been reported in other African countries such as Kenya, Liberia and Mauritius. Sedative-hypnotic For the purpose of this article , sedative-hypnotics include barbiturates, benzodiazipines and other substances, the abuse of which presents similar problems. These substances are imported for legitimate medical purposes, but reports from various African countries indicate that they have also been abused, especially by women. A study in Nigeria has shown that, in order of magnitude , the abuse of these substances is second in rank following alcohol abuse [ 13] . Mandrax (methaqualone and diphenhydramine) was commonly abused in Nigeria in the early 1970s, but since it was banned, its abuse has abated [ 13] . However, some other African countries, such as Swaziland, have reported an increase in the trafficking and abuse of Mandrax. Glue and petrol sniffing An increase in the abuse of benzine by inhalation has been reported among Sudanese children [ 17] . Recent reports from Kenya, Somalia, SwaziIand and Zambia indicate the abuse of glue and petrol by sniffing, though the extent of such abuse varies from country to country. Pela and Ebie [ 13] highlighted the potential for abuse of volatile solvents in some occupational groups in Nigeria. Most recent reports from Ethiopia indicate that the abuse of glue and petrol is prevalent among juveniles.

Bullying in Schools Essay

Bullying is an ongoing problem for many schools and communities. This behavior consists of teasing, threats, and stalking. This behavior is unacceptable and can turn violent, and even worse, deadly. There are many influences in today’s world that promote this behavior such as music, video games, movies, parents and other peers. A bully is a person that’s show strong aggression either physically or verbally and thrives on gaining power over there victim. A bully has no respect for others and will resort to violence if needed. The environment where the child/ youth come from is just part of a factor that makes a bully. A parent and or other adult figure that lives in a hostile environment and displays negative actions or a bully themselves inspire and teach these children this is how to act. Another factor is when a child is being abused they take all their anger, hurt and aggression out on another because it gains them negative self-empowerment. Yet, another factor of bullying could be just an individual trying to fit in to the â€Å"in crowd â€Å"of their peers. Yet, peers fail to see their future will bring them to jail or prison. A victim is the individual who receive the attack. These attacks can be verbal, physical or psychological abuse. Most victims picked on are loner and appear to be very insecure. They tend to not talk back or take action being picked on. A bully finds his victim by either there appearance, shy types or being behind in their academics (low grade point average). Most victims want to gain approval and exception from others and normally make several attempts with the bully. There are several side effects from being bullied such as psychological issues, depression (feeling helpless – worthless), self- harm (cutting skin, hair loss), anxiety (stress), and worst case suicide. Bullying in schools is estimated 160,000 children and teenagers miss school every day out of fear of an attack or intimidation by another peer. Over two thirds of children and teenagers in our schools today have had some type of bullying and responded poorly to the situation. Researches show that bullying occurs more in boys than in girls when it comes to verbal threats. In the year of 1994-1999 there were 253 violent deaths in school, 51 casualties in multiple death events. Bullying is the main factor in school related deaths. (Hunter, 2012) Schools throughout the United States do respond to bullying with reactive meas ZERO tolerance† in place, they have also installed security cameras and have police on staff as well as monitoring hallways. As part of this policy students can be suspended and or expelled for carrying a gun or knife to school as well as bullying. On a recent pole I conducted many teachers and other school board members feel as though suspension and expulsion is an easy way for a child to escape out of education. Our community’s fails to see the school may be the only positive place the child may be able to come, throwing them out is not the answer. The school over the last five years has introduced new programs which also include and family counseling. Programs such as early intervention helps children build social skills and offers anger management. Training for teachers and all staff that are involved daily with the children need to be able to recognize and respond quickly and positively. Teacher need to be able to provide positive environment and stick to the rules of conduct and don’t let no slip up happen, pay attention. Parents need to provide a positive environment and monitor your children and who they associate with. Also look up lyrics to the songs your child hears or watch the movies they watch. If you the parent wither be the victims or bully feels like extra help is needed talk to the school psychologist or the child doctor. Talk to your child, ask how they feel and offer solutions that promote positive help. Some people feel that bullying is just something that happens during your younger days and the child will grow away from their actions. Let’s look here; school shooting is on a rise killing innocent children attempting to get back at their bullies. Suicide as young as third grade destroys homes, families and communities. Drug use is higher than ever and teenager everyday day die from over dosing. Unless society takes steps to fight this disease that peers face daily it will continue to destroys young innocent lives at a downward spiral.