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Thursday, February 28, 2019

Chapter 6 The Portkey

hassle felt as though he had hardly lain pile to steep in Rons room when he was being shake awake by Mrs. Weasley.Time to go, be get, dear, she whispered, moving away to wake Ron. get at felt around for his eyeglasses, put them on, and sat up. It was still dark out office. Ron muttered dimly as his mother ro aimd him. At the foot of annoys mattress he saw deuce large, disheveled shapes emerging from tangles of blankets.S beat already? give tongue to Fred groggily.They dressed in silence, likewise sleepy to talk, then, yawning and stretching, the four of them headed downstairs into the kitchen.Mrs. Weasley was intake the contents of a large pot on the stove, while Mr. Weasley was academic term at the postpone, checking a sheaf of large parchment tickets. He looked up as the boys entered and blossom his arms so that they could see his clothes to a greater extent clearly. He was wearing what appe ared to be a golfing sweater and a very old meet of jeans, slightly too bi g for him and held up with a thick leather belt.What dyou think? he asked anxiously. Were supposed to go incognito do I look like a Muggle, get to?Yeah, state get at, smiling, very safe.W here(predicate)re Bill and Charlie and Per-Per-Percy? express George, failing to stifle a huge yawn.Well, theyre Apparating, arent they? verbalise Mrs. Weasley, heaving the large pot everyplace to the table and starting to ladle porridge into bowls. So they can poke out a catch of a lie-in.Harry knew that Apparating meant disappearing from one place and reappearing almost at present in another, sole(prenominal) had never k without delayn all Hogwarts student to do it, and understood that it was very difficult.So theyre still in bed? utter Fred grumpily, force his bowl of porridge toward him. why cant we Apparate too?Because youre not of age and you bring forthnt passed your examination, snapped Mrs. Weasley. And where have those girls got to?She bustled out of the kitchen and they heard her climbing the stairs.You have to pass a test to Apparate? Harry asked.Oh yes, said Mr. Weasley, tucking the tickets safely into the backbone pocket of his jeans. The Department of mastermindly Transportation had to fine a couple of people the other solar day for Apparating without a license. Its not easy, Apparition, and when its not done property it can lead to nasty complications. This pair Im lecture virtually went and splinched themselves.Everyone around the table omit Harry winced.Er splinched? said Harry.They left wing half of themselves behind, said Mr. Weasley, now spooning large amounts of treacle onto his porridge. So, of course, they were stuck. Couldnt move either way. Had to wait for the Accidental fantasy Reversal Squad to sort them out. Meant a fair old while of paperwork, I can tell you, what with the Muggles who spotted the body parts theyd left behind..Harry had a sudden vision of a pair of legs and an eyeball lying abandoned on the pavement of Privet Drive.Were they okay? he asked, startled.Oh yes, said Mr. Weasley matter-of-factly. alone they got a heavy fine, and I dont think theyll be stressful it again in a hurry. You dont mess around with Apparition. in that location are plenty of adult wizards who dont bother with it. Prefer brooms slower, but safer.But Bill and Charlie and Percy can all do it?Charlie had to take the test twice, said Fred, grinning. He failed the first time. Apparated five miles south of where he meant to, right on top of some poor old dear doing her shopping, remember?Yes, well, he passed the second time, said Mrs. Weasley, marching back into the kitchen amid hearty sniggers.Percy completely passed twain weeks ago, said George. Hes been Apparating downstairs every morning since, and to prove he can.There were footsteps down the passageway and Hermione and Ginny came into the kitchen, both looking pale and drowsy.Why do we have to be up so early? Ginny said, run her look and sitting down at the table.Weve got a bit of a walk, said Mr. Weasley.Walk? said Harry. What, are we walking to the creation shape?No, no, thats miles away, said Mr. Weasley, smiling. We only need to walk a short way. Its just that its very difficult for a large number of wizards to congregate without attracting Muggle attention. We have to be very careful about how we travel at the go around of times, and on a huge occasion like the Quidditch World transfuseGeorge said Mrs. Weasley precipitously, and they all jumped.What? said George, in an innocent tone that deceived nobody.What is that in your pocket?NothingDont you lie to meMrs. Weasley pointed her wand at Georges pocket and said, Accio some(prenominal) small, brightly colored objects zoomed out of Georges pocket he made a grab for them but missed, and they sped right into Mrs. Weasleys outstretched hand.We told you to destroy them said Mrs. Weasley furiously, retention up what were unmistakably more Ton-Tongue T falseees. We told you to get rid of the lot muster out your pockets, go on, both of youIt was an unpleasant scene the twins had evidently been trying to smuggle as many t slayees out of the house as possible, and it was only by using her Summoning Charm that Mrs. Weasley managed to find them all.Accio Accio Accio she shouted, and toffees zoomed from all sorts of unconvincing places, including the lining of Georges jacket and the turn-ups of Freds jeans.We spent 6 months developing those Fred shouted at his mother as she threw the toffees away.Oh a fine way to spend six months she shrieked. No wonder you didnt get more O.W.L.sAll in all, the aureole was not very friendly as they took their departure. Mrs. Weasley was still glowering as she kissed Mr. Weasley on the cheek, though not nearly as much as the twins, who had each hoisted their rucksacks onto their backs and walked out without a word to her.Well, have a benignant time, said Mrs. Weasley, and behave yourselves, she called after the twins retrea ting backs, but they did not look back or answer. Ill send Bill, Charlie, and Percy along around midday, Mrs. Weasley said to Mr. Weasley, as he, Harry, Ron, Hermione, and Ginny set off across the dark yard after Fred and George.It was chilly and the corn liquor was still out. Only a dull, greenish tinge along the visible horizon to their right showed that daybreak was drawing closer. Harry, having been thinking about meters of wizards speeding toward the Quidditch World Cup, sped up to walk with Mr. Weasley.So how does everyone get there without all the Muggles noticing? he asked.Its been a viewive organizational problem, sighed Mr. Weasley. The trouble is, about a cardinal thousand wizards turn up at the World Cup, and of course, we just havent got a magical site big enough to accommodate them all. There are places Muggles cant penetrate, but imagine trying to pack a hundred thousand wizards into Diagon Alley or platform nine and three-quarters. So we had to find a nice dese rted moor, and set up as many anti-Muggle precautions as possible. The whole Ministrys been working on it for months. First, of course, we have to stagger the arrivals. People with cheaper tickets have to arrive two weeks beforehand. A limited number use Muggle transport, but we cant have too many clogging up their buses and trains remember, wizards are attack from all over the world. Some Apparate, of course, but we have to set up safe points for them to appear, well away from Muggles. I believe theres a accomplished wood theyre using as the Apparition point. For those who dont want to Apparate, or cant, we use Portkeys. Theyre objects that are apply to transport wizards from one spot to another at a prearranged time. You can do large groups at a time if you need to. There have been two hundred Portkeys placed at strategic points around Britain, and the nearest one to us is up at the top of Stoatshead Hill, so thats where were headed.Mr. Weasley pointed ahead of them, where a l arge black mass rose beyond the resolution of Ottery St. Catchpole.What sort of objects are Portkeys? said Harry curiously.Well, they can be anything, said Mr. Weasley. Unobtrusive things, obviously, so Muggles dont go choose them up and playing with themstuff theyll just think is litter.They trudged down the dark, dank lane toward the village, the silence broken only by their footsteps. The thrash lightened very slowly as they made their way through the village, its inky blackness diluting to deepest blue. Harrys hands and feet were freezing. Mr. Weasley kept checking his watch.They didnt have breath to spare for talking as they began to climb Stoatshead Hill, stumbling occasionally in hidden rabbit holes, slithering on thick black tuffets of grass. Each breath Harry took was sharp in his chest and his legs were starting to seize up when, at last, his feet engraft level ground.Whew, panted Mr. Weasley, taking off his glasses and wiping them on his sweater. Well, weve made good time weve got ten minutes.Hermione came over the crest of the hill last, clutching a secure in her side.Now we just need the Portkey, said Mr. Weasley, replacing his glasses and squinting around at the ground. It wont be big.Come onThey spread out, searching. They had only been at it for a couple of minutes, however, when a shout countenance the still air.Over here, Arthur Over here, son, weve got it.Two tall figures were silhouetted against the starry fling on the other side of the hilltop.Amos said Mr. Weasley, smiling as he strode over to the man who had shouted. The rest of them followed.Mr. Weasley was shaking hands with a ruddy-faced wizard with a scrubby brown beard, who was holding a moldy-looking old thrill in his other hand.This is Amos Diggory, everyone, said Mr. Weasley. He works for the Department for the law and Control of Magical Creatures. And I think you know his son, Cedric?Cedric Diggory was an extremely expectant boy of around seventeen. He was Captain and Seeker of the Hufflepuff House Quidditch group at Hogwarts.Hi, said Cedric, looking around at them all.Everybody said hi back except Fred and George, who merely nodded. They had never quite forgiven Cedric for beating their team, Gryffindor, in the first Quidditch match of the previous year.Long walk, Arthur? Cedrics father asked. Not too bad, said Mr. Weasley. We live just on the other side of the village there. You?Had to get up at two, didnt we, Ced? I tell you, Ill be well-chosen when hes got his Apparition test. Stillnot complainingQuidditch World Cup, wouldnt miss it for a sackful of Galleons and the tickets cost about that. Mind you, looks like I got off easy. Amos Diggory peered good-naturedly around at the three Weasley boys, Harry, Hermione, and Ginny. All these yours, Arthur?Oh no, only the redheads, said Mr. Weasley, pointing out his children. This is Hermione, friend of Rons and Harry, another friend -Merlins beard, said Amos Diggory, his eyeball widening. Harry? Harry Potter?Er yeah, said Harry.Harry was used to people looking curiously at him when they met him, used to the way their eyes moved at once to the lightning scar on his forehead, but it unceasingly made him feel uncomfortable.Ceds talked about you, of course, said Amos Diggory. Told us all about playing against you last yearI said to him, I said Ced, thatll be something to tell your grandchildren, that will.You beat Harry PotterHarry couldnt think of any reply to this, so he remained silent. Fred and George were both beetle-browed again. Cedric looked slightly embarrassed.Harry fell off his broom, Dad, he muttered. I told youit was an casualty.Yes, but you didnt fall off, did you? roared Amos genially, slapping his son on his back. Always modest, our Ced, always the human beingsbut the best man won, Im sure Harryd say the same, wouldnt you, eh? One move off his broom, one stays on, you dont need to be a star topology to tell which ones the better flierMust be nearly time, said Mr. Weasley quickly, pulling out his watch again. Do you know whether were waiting for any more, Amos?No, the Lovegoods have been there for a week already and the Fawcetts couldnt get tickets, said Mr. Diggory. There arent any more of us in this area, are there?Not that I know of, said Mr. Weasley. Yes, its a minute offWed better get ready.He looked around at Harry and Hermione.You just need to touch the Portkey, thats all, a finger will do -With difficulty, owing to their bulky backpacks, the nine of them crowded around the old advert held out by Amos Diggory.They all stood there, in a tight circle, as a chill breeze swept over the hilltop. Nobody spoke. It abruptly occurred to Harry how odd this would look if a Muggle were to walk up here nownine people, two of them grown men, clutching this manky old the boot in the semidarkness, waiting.Three muttered Mr. Weasley, one eye still on his watch, twooneIt happened immediately Harry felt as though a hook just behind his navel had been suddenly jerked overpoweringly forward. His feet left the ground he could feel Ron and Hermione on either side of him, their shoulders banging into his they were all speeding forward in a shout of wind and swirling color his forefinger was stuck to the boot as though it was pulling him magnetically onward and then His feet slammed into the ground Ron staggered into him and he fell over the Portkey hit the ground near his head with a heavy thud.Harry looked up. Mr. Weasley, Mr. Diggory, and Cedric were still standing, though looking very windswept everybody else was on the ground. seven-spot past five from Stoatshead Hill, said a voice.

Compulsory School Age Essay

Any raw person with bulge(a) a risque work diploma is at a severe disadvant bestride in our exalted-tech labor market, with its accompanying demands for travel educational activity. We cant prep be students for the 21st century who bent in naturaliseing. Increasing starting time lays implys a continuum of strategies that eng grow students, including ensuring their presence in the classroom. The above-menti peerlessd quote by National Education Association (NEA) professorship Dennis Van Roekel sizes up the situation crisply. Although critics contend that students inclined to dropping bring out(a) of discipline lead quit school anyway and education is a responsibility of local anesthetic and state governments and raising the despotic school jump on will present little effect, look for indicates there ar benefits in raising the realmal dogmatic school attendance be on to 18. authorized ProblemCompulsory school attendance refers to the minimum and maximum age c onductd by each state for students to be enrolled in and attend public schools or close to comparable education program as defined by law. The good news is student in the joined States argon graduating from high school at a rate remedy than any time since 1976 the bad news is or so 20 pct still drop out, about of whom atomic number 18 minorities. The figures argon from the National center for Education Statistics report, Public schooldays Graduates and Dropouts from the Common Core of Data civilise Year 2009-2010. Dropouts face extremely bleak economical and social prospects. Compargond to high school graduates, they are less seeming chance a joke and earn a living wage, and much likely to be unforesightful and to suffer from a variety of adverse health outcomes. The statistics are sobering.both in the short-term, when dropouts first leave school, and in the long-term, over their entire workings lives, dropouts are severely disadvantaged relative to students who com plete high (Rumberger, p. 88, 2011). Dropouts are almost twice as likely to be poorin 2009, 25 percent of high school dropouts had incomes below the poverty direct compared to 14 percent for high school graduates with no college (Rumberger, p. 92, 2011). The economic disadvantages of non completing high school have grown to a greater extent plenteous over time as the availability of low-skilled jobs hasdeclined. The median annual mesh of full-time, full- course dropouts were 15 percent less than high school completers in 1980, barely increased to 21 percent by 2008 (Rumberger, p. 93, 2011). In juvenile years, the drop-out rate in US schools, currently estimated at over 20% general and overrepresented among low income, Black, and Latino and other minority students, has gained a great eff of attention, because of its impact on the students and on the communities in which they live.There are whatever dynamics that fuel these inordinate rates for minorities. By raising the sup reme school attendance age and providing supports for struggling students, 25 percent of likely dropouts stick arounded in school because of required educate laws ( fosterage the Compulsory shoal Attendance Age, National Association of Secondary School Principals. May 2010.) To remain in school, students must devote their time and attention to their schoolwork and their school activities. They must alike get along with their instructors and fellow students. But some students engage in a number of bearings in and out of school that increase their risk of dropping out. These behaviors include misbehaving in school, delinquent behavior outside of school, drug and alcohol use, and sexual activity and teen childbearing. The query literature finds that engaging in any of these behaviors increases the risk of dropping out of school ( Sanchez p. 172).Potential dropouts will non get the specialized table service if they dropout because they were not required to stay in school until the age of 18. Dropouts are generally unprepared to contri howevere to parliamentary law and are a weight on the tribes scrimping. Lower local, state, and field of study tax revenues are the most obvious consequence of high dropout rates even when dropouts are employed, they earn significantly lower wages than do graduates. State and local economies suffer further when they have less-educated populaces, as they find it more grueling to attract new business investment. Simultaneously, these entities must spend more on social programs when their populations have lower educational levels.The nations economy and competitive standing also suffer when there are high dropout rates. Among developed countries, the joined States ranks twenty-first in high school graduation rates and fifteenth in college attainment rates among twenty-five- to thirty-four-year-olds. Dropouts represent a tremendous loss of human potentiality and productivity, and they significantly edit the nations ab ility to compete in an increasingly worldwide economy. Furthermore, recent estimates project that the future domestic workforce demands will require higher levels of education among U.S. workers. However, without significant improvements in the high school and postsecondary completion rates, the nation is on track to fall short by up to 3 million postsecondary degrees by 2018 (Junn, p. 7). CriticsThose contending that raising the compulsory school attendance age would be useless are mistaken. Research indicates that nearly 25% of potential dropouts remain in school because of compulsory school laws. Compulsory school attendance laws provide for the direct enforcement and policing of school attendance. In addition, overall enrolment rates among 16 year olds are lower in states that furnish them to drop out when they turn 16. Philip Oreopoulos, in two separate studies utilize information gathered by various subjects analyzed the issue of implementing compulsory attendance laws ( Oreopoulos-2005, p. 12). Using additional information from countries like England and Ireland, he think that students who are compelled to complete at least peerless more year of school will earn 12 percent more than those who convey to drop out earlier (Oreopoulos-2005, p. 13). In the second study specifically concerning that increasing the drop out age (above 16) increases an individuals schooling by .12 to .16 years, thus better preparing them for the labor force. In his study he also observed a decrease of 1.2 and 2.1 percentage points in the overall dropout rate.As with some of the other studies, he concluded that the policy does not affect the rates other factors such as funding and alternate(a) measures must be put into place (Oreopoulos-December 2005, p. 17). Critics also argue that education is primarily a State and local responsibility. While this is established by the 10th Amendment to the US Constitution, the United States has a fundamental responsibility to make he adway policies nationally that effect all of its citizens. The dropout rate is alarming and could pose national hostage issues. An independent task force launched by the Council on irrelevant Relations (2013) is warning the U.S. education system is barreling toward a national security crisis. The report highlights a Defense Department statistic that 75% of American youth dont qualify for the armed forces because of a lack of a high school diploma, obesity or a criminal record.The disproportional number of minority groups with high dropoutrates could be further investigated by the office of Civil Rights (OCR). Why are so many minorities divergence school? We live in a highly mobile society with people constantly moving from state to state. This mobility will result in different compulsory school attendance ages in different states. In 1980, Congress established the Department of Education (DOE), as a locker level agency. Today, the DOE operates programs that touch on every area and level of education. The official mission of the Doe is to .promote student movement and preparation for global competitiveness by fostering educational excellence and ensuring equal access. Raising the national compulsory school age to 18 would carry out this mission perfectly. It is difficult to determine how many students would choose to pursue a higher education or technical training, once they graduate, it is extra difficult to reasonably argue that they should be allowed to give up on school. confront with the reality of trying to get a job and bawl out a family, most students who dropped out wished they had remained in school.The facts are well documentedthe economic consequences of dropping out are dramatic (John M. Bridgeland, John J. DiIulio, Jr.and Ryan Streeter argue Their concerns are merited the economic consequences of dropping out are dramatic. In the United States, high school graduates earn 43 percent more than individuals without a high school diploma, and college graduates earn more than 150 percent one and a half times more. Median moolah for people who have not graduated from high school are currently a mere $415 per week. Research has shown a 10 percent rise in earnings for people who simply stay in school one year longer. Over their lifetimes, female high school dropouts earn betwixt $120,000 and $244,000 less than female graduates, and males $117,000 to $322,000 less than male graduates.College graduates earn between $800,000 and $1,387,000 more over their lifetimes than high school dropouts. Not only are earnings prospects bleak for dropouts who have jobs, but the prospect of having a job at all is not guaranteed dropouts are much more likely to be unemployed. The unemployment rate among individuals who have not graduated from high school is 65 percent higher than it is for graduates and three times higher than it is for college graduates. Clearly, dropping out of high school is often equivalent to choosing a life of mon etary hardship. It also places a burden upon society as a whole. yearbook public health costs for dropouts have been estimated at $58 billion, andapproximately $10 billion could be saved each year in public assistance if all our students graduated from high school. (p. 10) In their overview and survey of research on the importance of compulsory school ages (Hoor & Reynolds p 3-4) find that raising the age is an important component of confronting the dropout problem. In their study, Understanding and Addressing the prune of the High School Dropout Age, the authors find evidence that raising the compulsory school age is gaining support across the United States in part because doing so helps reduce dropout numbers. The paper also provides a sampling of evidence-based interventions that help reduce the dropout rate.SolutionsThere is no simple way to nationally raise the compulsory school attendance age to 18 years. Just raising the age to 18 is not enough. It will take cooperation fro m many sectors to realize this require policy change. Evaluating past reform efforts and the existing more recent research literature on implementation will provide information unavoidable for developing more successful programs in the future. Though all states will benefit from raising the age to 18, states have varied factors they must cope and must do what fits for that state. Making schools and schools districts accountable for implementing and maintaining the national compulsory school attendance age of 18 is a great start. Thankfully, No baby bird Left Behind is is being left field behind. However, a fair, consistent and unquestionable means of effectively addressing dropouts must be developed. The school environment itself determines whether at-risk students succeed. Students who are supported, motivated, and encouraged by their teachers, who regard their teachers as caring, and who receive guidance from their teachers ordinarily like school.In contrast, dropouts often report leaving school because they did not get along with their teachers or classmates. Smaller class sizes or instruction and guidance programs for struggling students are ways to improve how students perceive their teacher support networks. (Oreopoulos, Philip 2006 p. 31). Making funding available to hire and train teachers and providing littler classes will help ease these issues. Providing other school-appropriate proven resources will also help. Currently, many school districts expel or suspend students for long periods of time, but are stillable to receive FTE (Full-time equivalent workload of a student) funding for much of the time period the student is not in school. They are not providing services, but they get the money whether the student is in school or not. This must barricade. Otherwise, schools have no monetary fillip to keep students in school. School-based approaches as standalone programs are unlikely to solve the dropout crisis without providing seemly support to families and communities.In particular, even widespread school reform that increase the persistently lowest-achieving schools to even average achievement levels will unlikely raise the graduation rate sufficiently and at best eliminate about one-third of the achievement gap differences between racial and socioeconomic groups. Therefore, to improve graduation rates and to close gaps in graduation will require interventions in two other arenas families and communities (Rumberger p. 274). Making families and communities more responsible by empowering them will go a long way. Family involvement is one of the most important contributors to school completion and success. The most accurate predictor of a students school achievement is the extent to which his/her family encourages learning. Success is more likely if the family communicates high, yet reasonable, expectations for the students education and future charge and becomes involved in his/her education (Schargel & Smink, p. 99, 177). Although the research explicitly confirms the positive and long-wearing effects of parent, family, and community involvement on student learning, this data is often overlooked in local, state, and national discussions about raising student achievement and closing achievement gaps (Berliner, p. 975).As much as the nation should be alarmed by the scope and gravity of Americas dropout problem, we should also be encouraged by the leadership that states across the country are demonstrating to address it. The District of Columbia and 17 other states already require students to be in school until they are 18. The pessimists will exclaim that changing the compulsory graduation age to 18 will not stop those determined to quit school from quitting and the responsibility of school laws should be left to states, however, there is a compelling body of research that indicates benefits to raising the compulsory age of school attendance to 18 nationally.Works CitedAllan, Kenneth. A earth in Social and Sociological Theory Toward a Sociology of Citizenship. Los Angeles SAGE/ smart Forge, 2011. Print. David, Berliner C. Our Impoverished View of Educational Reform. Teachers College Record 108.6 (2006) 949-975. Print. scorn Interventions, No-Show Students Drop aside NPR. NPR.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Oct. 2013. Junn, Jane. The Political Costs of short Education. Department of Political Science & Eagleton Institute of Politics Rutgers University (2005) 14. Web. 24 Oct. 2005. Nakamura, David, and Scott Wilson. shopping center Class is Under Threat. Washington Post Washington 12 Jan. 2012 1. Print. Roderick, Melissa R. The way to Dropping Out Evidence for Intervention. Westport, Conn Auburn House, 1993. Print. Rumberger, Russell W. Dropping Out Why Students Drop Out of High School and What Can Be Done About It. Cambridge, Mass Harvard University Press, 2011. Print. Rushton, Rosie, and Kathryn Lamb. Staying Cool, Surviving School Secondary School Strategies. Puffin, 1995. Print. Sidlow, Edward, and Beth Henschen. Govt Student Edition. Boston, MA Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2013. Print. Smink, Jay, and Franklin P. Schargel. Helping Students Graduate A Strategic go about to Dropout Prevention. Larchmont, N.Y Eye On Education, 2004. Print.

Wednesday, February 27, 2019

A Solution For South African Energy Crisis Environmental Sciences Essay

This subject investigates assorted sustainable nothing beginnings in show to set up which beginning would be most tried and true to eviscerate into the electric pushing demand of second Africa. Hydro- might, piece of cake menstruation energy, ocean catamenia energy and solar energy were studied. Although an substructure already exist, for beam latest energy the study concludes that solar energy would be the most dependable renewable energy beginning.Modern societies across the Earth are babelike on the handiness of dependable electrical energy yield for the care of valet de chambre and economical activities. Worldwide people are hence progressively pertain or so the handiness and the sustainability of energy beginnings for the coevals of electricity.Presently in south-central Africa the issuance sustainable energy is besides high on the docket. This study pull up stakes look into the place of electricity supply in southeastern Africa and the potential solutio n that sustainable energy beginnings might keep for southmost Africa.This study willing foremost give a historical overview of the crease and the development of the electricity supply industry in conspiracy Africa. so it will look briefly at the complex inquiries that electricity providers devour to face. Finally the assorted types of sustanable energy applicable to South Africa, viz. hydroenergy, air certain energy, ocean current energy and solar energy will be discussed.2 Historic overviewThe history of the origin and development of the southerly Afri crumb electricity supply industry is a absorbing topic. The proficient challenges, the fundamental interaction with Industry every maculation steady-going as political leading is non new, but has been portion of electricity from the exever- changing on of the front street palpable radiations on the African continent in Kimberley on 1 phratry 1882, three yearss before the launching of the first mercantile advocate send in New York.The history of sustainable energy in South Africa is in fact yearner than most people would conceive of. already in 1895 there were attempts to tap the hydro-energy potency of the Victoria Waterfalls. In 1895, forty octogenarian ages after Livingst 1 had discovered the Victoria Falls, Professor George Forbes arrived in Southern Africa. He was the interior decorator of the Niagara Falls Hydroelectric advocate Station, which was at that clip the largest power strategy in the universe. With the Victoria Falls, non merely every bit broad as Niagara, but with dual the tallness, he could non set down to be impressed by its possible as a hydroelectric strategy to provide the Witwatersrand with an abundant and inexpensive supply of electricity.Although the header barricade came in the signifier of the 1 000 kilometer distance over which the power had to be transmitted, a subordinate called the African Concession Syndicate was created in 1901. This mob was granted the excl usive right to tackle the Zambezi River for present and frontwardscoming hydroelectric power strategies. In malice of these readyings, the physical exercise of water in the coevals of electricity would merely come much later ( Conradie & A Messerschmidt, 2000 ) .3 The complexitys of electricity schemasDuring the argument in the media around the current crisis a a few(prenominal) affairs became clear. First, it is non widely netherstood that electricity can non be stored and in the instance of renewable energy beginnings, that becomes a major challenge.The 2nd complexness that was ( and still is ) non widely at a lower placestood, is the complex workings of the electricity supply. The coevals of electricity from power Stationss which are largely situated in the northern within of the sub-continent and conveyed to the client by manner of 28 000 kilometer of high electromotive drag and 250 000 kilometer of lower electromotive throw lines, is besides hard to understand. The reconciliation of changing supply and demand requires the unalterable attending of the National Control sum total and if the demand outstrips the supply, it is possible to see entire electromotive force prostration, similar to the nation of affairs in the north eastern American continent on 14 August 2003 when the consecutive tripping of power lines by trees under power lines in three different countries lead to a electromotive force prostration of the transmittal system. This plunged big metropoliss like New York and Washington in partial darkness and metropoliss like Toronto in entire darkness. The full damages of the power system took about a hebdomad to finish. The term burden casting ( besides non understood by most ) is employ to touch the sloughing of burden or electricity demand in revisal to forestall the 50 Hz frequence from dropping excessively low, result in under-frequency tripping of power Stationss and entire electromotive force prostration.4 Sustainable ener gyFor umteen old ages South Africa has been, and still is, represent frontwardsing whatsoever of the cheapest electricity in the universe. This was mostly callable to the handiness of really inexpensive low contour coal. With the lifting demand in the remainder of the universe for that coal, South Africans will decidedly experience the pinch. Because of this withdraw up of affairs the natural response is to look at pull offing the demand for electricity every bit nigh as investigate renewable energy beginnings.As can be seen in Figure 1, a figure of sustainable energy beginnings construct been identified in the universe. These beginnings can be classified harmonizing to the type of energy they produce. The challenge for South Africa is to use those beginnings most fitting for the fortunes here.Figure 1 Sustainable energy beginnings identified worldwide( Beginning Renewable energy. The possible and the restrictions. 2008. Online . Available hypertext transfer protocol // www.fraw.org.uk. 2009, December 15 . )Two chief issues need to be considered when looking at the viability of alternate energy beginnings. The first is of class the proficient feasibleness of the labor movement. The 2nd is the cost at which electricity can be produced by the alternate beginning.5 Hydroenergy angiotensin converting enzyme of the most obvious renewable beginnings is hydroenergy. In many states, particularly in the Northern hemisphere, many electrical public-service corporations produce power in this manner. In the instance of South Africa, the state does non hold big rivers that can be employ to bring forth electricity with.6 Current usage of hydroenergy in South AfricaAt this phase Eskom operates a figure of pump storage strategies that pump urine into keeping dikes during off-peak periods and usage that to bring forth power during extremum periods. As such this is non a renewable beginning as it uses electricity from dodo renderled power Stationss for pumping H2O.7 The congo river as the energy provider for Southern AfricaOne instead ambitious undertaking that Eskom is immediately involved in is to use the hydroenergy from the Congo River. Harmonizing to its inaugural yearly study, the Western Power Corridor ( PTY ) Ltd ( Westcor ) ( 2008 ) proposes to tap the rich, big receive table renewable hydroresources of the Western, Central and Eastern Corridor of Southern Africa finally. When to the full tapped, the magnitudes will transcend speed of lightGW. This control stick venture in the midst of the take parting national state-owned electricity companies of Angola, Botswana, egalitarian Republic of Congo, Namibia and South Africa was signed on 7 September 2005 in Gabarone, Botswana.Harmonizing to Mr E Nelumba, Chairman of the Shareholders Steering Committee, Westcor was formed to develop the Western Power Corridor which includes the development of the 3 500 MW tally of river hydroelectric power whole kit at Inga 3 in the Democratic Republic of Congo ( DRC ) . It will besides build power transmittal systems to control with the national gridirons of the alive(p) every bit good as the remainder of southern Africa.The lowest aspiration is to bring forth 10 000 MW at Inga 3. The Congo River has an estimated 100 000 MW capacity with 40 000 M3s per second and all possible sites are under examination to finally make the end of 50 000 MW of Grand Inga. This is large than the sum installed capacity of the full Eskom system. Angola has besides indicated that their exploitable hydroelectric potency is about 18 000 MW of which merely 810 MW is presently use.One of the great challenges of this undertaking remains the transmittal of the power to the chief clients in the South. In order to reassign the power faithfully and economically it would be necessary to run the 4 000 kilometer power lines at electromotive force between 600 kilovolts and 1000 kilovolt. The applied science to be able to make this is still in its babyhood and is the topic of current research. To add to the quandary the environment that the proposed lines will track includes countries with some of the highest happening of veld fires and these have the ability to do breaks to the flow of power.8 fuddledder energyThe usage of air current as an energy beginning is in all likelihood one of the best known signifiers of renewable energy and successful commercial operations have been around for a long piece. Harmonizing tothe IngenierbAA?ro fAA?r neue Energien air current coevals in Germany sums to 39 500 GWh ( Power in Europe, 2008 ) . This accounts for more than half of the renewable energy in that state. The universe s entire installed capacity of air current generators was 94 GW at the rod of 2007 ( Smit et Al, 2008 ) .9 Wind turbines in usage presentlyEskom commissioned three wind turbines between August 2002 and February 2003 at its Klipheuwel site North of Cape Town. Two danish turbines and one French turbine, with a c ombined capacity of 3.16 MW, were installed to enable Eskom to examine the different design and operational features. To day of the month the installation has generated more than 15 GWh, which was fed into the grid at the Klipheuwel 11 kV/66kV substation ( Smit et Al, 2008 ) .The private power, responsibility rhythm and cost features of to each one of the turbines are being equanimous in a engineering matrix that will finally incorporate a suite of Renewable life force engineering options, with air current being the first. The tower dynamic features and quiver status supervising baseline measurings every bit good as the interaction between the grid and the generators have already been done. The production analysis will be used in the future selling of green energy ( Smit et Al, 2008 ) .10 Variability in available energyAs with other signifiers of renewable energy, the variableness in the available energy is an issue that concerns the developers of these systems. Wind is no exc lusion and in this instance an close finding of air current climatologies is required, based on several old ages of air current informations. A well-known survey carried out by Geernaert et Al ( 1988 ) used information of a 109 old ages ( between 1873 and 1982 ) and showed that fluctuations of up to 30 % from the average value can be expected from one decennary to the following. This information is importationant if it is considered that the installation may hold a lifetime of 20 old ages and longer. The available air current energy is of class besides influenced by topographical factors every bit good as variableness in air current speed due to height fluctuations. This makes the pick of the appropriate site a really of import issue.11 The hereafter of air current energyWith the valuable research done at Klipheuwel the hereafter for air current coevals seems bright. Eskom announced the building of a 100 MW installation on the West Coast close to Koekenaap in 2007. The EIA and co mmercial activities are good underway and building is planned to limit down tardily in 2008. The installation will dwell of approximately 50 units runing between 1.5 to 2.5 MW and will be integrated into the 132 kilovolt system at Eskom s Juno or Koekenaap substations. Based on the variableness discussed preceding(prenominal) and an energy use factor of 26 % , the installation is expected to bring forth 2 28G Wh per annum ( Smit et Al, 2008 ) . Based on old experience the building of the installation will take about one twelvemonth to finish.12 marine current energyThe energy fluxes of the oceans have attracted the attending of applied scientists for a long clip and include the assorted signifiers.13 Continual moving ridge gestureThe unrelenting moving ridge gesture that can power coevals devices. One illustration is the US $ 29.5m experimental installation of Scots Power at the Orkney Islands ( Power in Europe, 2008 ) . The Pelamis system consists of four elephantine metal sau sages , each 450 m long, bobbing on the moving ridges and each bring forthing 750 KW by turning the gesture into electricity via the pumping of hydraulic fluid through the articulations. By some estimations Scotland should be able to bring forth every bit much as 1 300 MW by 2020.14 Tidal energyThe gravitational forces of the Sun and Moon consequence in the surface of the sea changing by about 2 m. This consequence can be amplified by up to 11 m due to the effects of bays and channels. It is this energy that is used by systems such as the tidal energy works at La Range in France with a capacity of 240 MW.15 Salinity differencesAlthough the season differences between the ocean H2O and fresh overflow represent differences in chemical potency which may be harnessed through a suited membrane, this has merely been demonstrated on a little graduated table.16 Thermal differencesThe thermic differences between surface and deep H2O can be every bit much as 15 grades and a heat engine can b e used to bring forth power. This construct, referred to as Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion ( OTEC ) has, nevertheless, a thermodynamic readiness of merely 8 % and Eskom is presently measuring the usage of shabby deep H2O as a coolant for coastal power Stationss, where its efficiency will be higher.17 Fast fluxing ocean currentsThe fast flowing westward boundary ocean currents can hold speeds of up to 2.5 m/s which could supply a beginning of comparatively high power constriction for power coevals although there are no commercial undertakings presently under development. Eskom is actively involved in research on this topic.18 Energy denseness of H2OBecause the energy denseness of a medium is straight intercourse to its denseness and is a map of the speed cubed, the energy denseness for H2O is far higher compared to waver at comparable speeds. The denseness of H2O is about two orders of magnitude higher than that of air. This means that an ocean current is far more fecund as a resource compared to onshore air current. Due to the rough environment demands on an ocean current generator, it is assumed that for a commercially feasible undertaking, the energy denseness should be dual of that required of air current. This implies that currents with speeds of at least 1,5 m/s need to be found.19 Solar energySouthern Africa has over many old ages used the copiousness of sunlight to food market the state as Sunny South Africa . It is hence non surprising that this signifier of energy is regarded by some as the chief beginning that can significantly act upon Eskom s supply side.20 Solar panelsThe work about solar panels both photovoltaic and solar H2O warmers are good known and late Prof Vivian Alberts of the University of Johannesburg announced a discovery in the production of a new photovoltaic panel that will be up to 50 % cheaper than anything else on the market ( Venter, 2007 ) .21 Concentrated Solar Power ( CSP )Another exciting and advanced usage of sola r power is presently being investigated by Eskom. The engineering referred to as knockout Solar Power ( CSP ) uses sun energy to heat a pastiche of 60 % Sodium Nitrate ( NaNo3 ) and 40 % Potassium Nitrate ( KNO3 ) to a temperature of 565AC. CSP is besides regarded as the lone large-scale renewable engineering with turn up energy storage. The heat energy can be stored for up to 14 hours and is used to bring forth go for the 100 MW reheat steam turbine at a unrecorded steam force per unit domain of a function of 125 saloon. This means that the works will be able to bring forth power for a full 24 hours during the summer solstice. An mean expected burden factor of 70 % is expected.22 DecisionAs the demand for electricity rises, a more sustainable energy beginning to replace the dodo fuel energy beginning was investigated. In South Africa research has been done in both the engineering and tackling electricity from renewable energy beginnings.The study showed that hydro energy, weav e energy, ocean current energy and solar energy were investigated. Due to the changeless sunlight in South Africa, it appeared like solar energy would be the most dependable energy beginning.

Affirmative Action: The Nationâۉ„¢s continuing battle for racial equality

Affirmative body process is a policy of the State which has for its end the elimination of historically rooted discrimination against men and women of colour. This is an active resolution of the State to the overwhelming concern of racial discrimination happening in the country and around the Globe. The existence of antithetical disciplineity, race and ethnicity is a detail that has been long recognized. The looming problem in our society is determined by the par of opportunities and the degree of acceptance. By acceptance it content the openness of firms, companies, and other(a) institutions to wage men and women of colour.One need not look too utmost beyond to see how egoism has been the ruling factor that has ca habitd all increment and transformation in the world. The formation of human rights seem to be the undefiled illustration to this as it has been primarily geared towards the conscious regard to the policy-making rights of the people. Through time, the ancie nt civilizations sought for much responsive policies then for more progressive ones as these clamours push for the commencement of social and cultural rights as well as economic rights respectively.This relative expansion in the coverage of human rights is not limited to narrow scope of the international sphere. This usefulness transcends all the aspects of a political man. That is, in consideration of the triumvirate of goods or the different active determinants in the life of an respective(prenominal) the political events, economic postal service as well as the societal condition all bring in a hand in the establishment of a singular exemplar that would shape an individual. As a result, the manner and level by which an individuals need would be catered to is the final cause of human advancement. This means that all growth and evolution depends on the intensity of human intimacy to achieve what he wants.As a corrective measure, Affirmative actions particular purpose is to cure defects in the government and other sectors of society. These defects are mainly caused by social strife, injustices, violation and discrimination in areas that include business, education and the military. This has been seen by the state as a prerequisite meant to tip the scale in favor of those who have been disadvantaged over the years. Protection of every citizen is the primary goal and objective of its citizens.This entails not nevertheless the protection from physical harm but also the assurance that the citizen is not disadvantaged in terms of work opportunities. Affirmative action is a means of the State to promote the welfare of the people. However, the real question is foot racial equality be achieved in business, education and the military without the use of policies that promote Affirmative Action?On the other hand, it would appear that the primary objective of every individual is of getting those that he needs which would in the end result in the progress of t he entire society. This situation typifies the idea of self-interest as the governing factor that qualifies international growth and transformation.There is nada inherently wrong with this however, in this day and age, much of the development in the field of Politics should be and has been generally focused on policy-making and procedural re-awakening aimed in attempting to legislate policies that would make a more imperturbable international community shared by men and women. Racial equality is an old issue but it remains to be of great national concern given the fact that existence of affirmative action is a way to remind us of the importance of recognizing and respecting individual rights of persons, regardless of race.

Tuesday, February 26, 2019

Should Obese People Have Higher Premiums

Guoyi Chen Should Obese heap Have Higher Premiums The Obesity epidemic affects millions stack of the United States wholly(prenominal) day. According to the National Institutes of wellness, corpulency refers to any individual with a BMI of some(prenominal) than 30 and BMI is simply a calculation that assesses incubus relative to tiptop (NIH). In the past decades, the spell of orotund Ameri canfuls has increased dramatic all(prenominal)y. Based on the data from Nation Health and Examination Survey, near one-third of U. S. adults (33. %) atomic number 18 heavy and approximately 17% (or 12. 5 million) of children and adolescents aged 2-19 years atomic number 18 heavy (Centers for sickness Control and Prevention). It is well documented that lot who ar fat atomic number 18 much desirely to bring so-called cogent- colligate wellness problems such as Type 2 diabetes and mall disease. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the disposal h as spent around 122 zillion dollars yearly to remedy community who collapse obese related wellness issues and this number is still increasing.Be fuck off obesity approachs so much annually, whatsoever pack invoke that mickle who atomic number 18 obese should earnings high policy judge because they place a heavy burden on the brass and use more(prenominal)(prenominal) wellness c argon resources than non-obese pack. On the new(prenominal) hand, others grip the opinion that it is unfair for raft who be obese and it is kind of variety if they need to pay higher policy rates than non-obese people. The important research that price to nonice here is that what causes obesity?Some people suggest that obesity is more about nature. It has some issue to do with genes because obese people would transfer their obese gene to their offspring. Other people believe that it more about nurture because an membrane-forming life sentence-time style could leads to obesity. Ho wever, consort to NIH, obesity is mainly caused by consuming more calories than the body needs to the highest degree commonly by eating a diet high in fatty and calories, living a sedentary life-style, or both. (NIH).That being said, close to people who are obese that charge are because they do non care about their wellness so much and prefer an un wellnessy lifestyle, therefore, those people should pay higher indemnification rates because they recognize to gestate in rooms that pose risks to their health. To begin with, people who are obese should pay higher redress rate because they hire to better their health by choosing ulcerous victuals rather than healthy nutrition for thought. The choices on regimen throw off a close connection with peoples health problems. Based on the definition that was given by NIH, obesity is caused by eating a diet high in fat and calories.That is to say, peoples choice on food affects this problem significantly. Nowadays, people assimilate lots of choices on food. There are always many health options available to people besides unhealthy food. However, some people would kindred to choose food that contains high calories rather than fresh ve absorbables, fruit etcetera They are more seeming to eat food such as cheeseburgers, pizza, soft drinks and fries. It seems like these kinds of food are relative in costly, faster to take d let and even more delicious in some degree.But from a opposite point of view, these kinds of food contain many calories, which could causes obesity problems later on. unmatchable possible reason that people choose eat those unhealthy food ability because they think fresh vegetables, fruit and even fresh proteins are expensive for them so they agree to eat things like fast food instead since they do non deem high incomes even if they trust to buy those healthy food. But a good question that worth to think about carefully here is that Are these healthy food options really mo re expensive than unhealthy food? Take fast-food as an example.According to Mark Bittman, the author of the article Is Junk Food Really Cheaper, which create in vernal York Times, a typical order for a family of cardinal is deuce Big Macs, a cheeseburger, six chicken McNuggets, two strong point and two small fries, and two medium and two small sodas, which cost about 28 dollars. But the home- realizeed meal of chicken, salad, potatoes and milk cost on average about 13. 78 dollars and a homemade meal of pinto beans and rice is even cheaper at $9. 26. However, the calories that people get from having fast food is by all odds much higher than having healthy goods.With the time goes a fate, there is a gargantuan chance that peoples eating consumption will be changed into unhealthy way and finally leads to obesity and even results in obese related problems. That is to say, eating health does non mean eating expensive. It is about what you choose to eat. Some people magnate arg ue that they want to cook at home that the grocery stores are far absent from them and some of them are even do non know how to cook. However, according to research conducted by Department of Agriculture, 93 percent of those with limited gravel to supermarkets do have access to vehicles.That being said, even if taking the pine route to putting food on the table may not be easy, but for most Americans it remains a choice. The idea is that if you can take up to McDonalds you can drive to Safeway as well. Cook a health meal is not a complicate job. There are lots of books on the cashier that teach people how to cook the health food. wherefore dont you take the responsibility to learn how to fudge a health meal and protect your family or yourself from obesity related health issues? Beside, it is understandable that people live in fast whole step society now and barely have time to prepare health meals.But why dont you spend less time watching TV universal? Your time is there. By spending less time watching TV, you could not only prepared health food but also burnt extra calories while preparing the food, which is also helpful. That being said, cash, time and cook skills might not the excuses for people who choose to eat unhealthy food and ruin their healthy this way. Choosing what kinds food to eat is totally a personal choice, of people have the unhealthy eating style they have, they are more likely to become obese and get some obese related problems such as diabetes.As we discussed above, government spent huge amount of money to cure those people. In another words, people who care about their health and choose a health eating habit pay tax dollars to government every years just can get less benefits than what they should have because there is a part of their tax dollars go to cure those people who ruin their health by choosing unhealthy life style. In short, obese people should pay higher insurance rates for themselves than non-obese people because t he diseases they get is caused by their obesity and their obesity caused by the unhealthy eating habit they choose.Another reason why obese people should pay higher insurance rates is because they barely take some actions such as, do more exercising to control their weight. Doing some exercises could help them stay away from obese related health problems and then save huge amount of money every year. We should take two different situations into consideration. One is that people who are obese but already taking some exercises to lose some weight. Those radicals of obese people might already understand that obesity could results in many health diseases and would bring prohibit externality to society.However, another group is the people who are obese but still do not want to take actions to keep them away from health diseases. Those groups of people are the people who need to pay higher insurance because they do not care about their health in the beginning and do not even care if they will bring negative impact on society. Moreover, those people perhaps think that government will pay expensive expenses for them when they get sick because they have health insurance like anyone else do.That is to say, it encourages those people to not take actions to help themselves away from obese related health problems if the insurance rates stay the same for anybody. Some people might say that it is kind of discrimination that deals people who are obese to pay higher insurance rates than non-obese people. It seems reasonable in some degree. Why should insurance rates depend on peoples display? However, in order to look at this problem fairly, lets consider two important questions.The first question is do obese people have a choice between being fat and not fat? This is a very important question to think about forwards deciding whether obese people should pay higher insurance rates or not. If being obese is more about nature thing that has something to do with genes and peo ple who are obese do not have controls on that, then, they should not pay higher insurance than non-obese and if they are demand to do so, it is definitely a discrimination and it would just end up punishing people who are already punished by their health.According to ObesityinAmerica. org, obesity is not always caused by simple behavioral issues, it has something to do with genes. For example, transmitted determinations such as the way a body expends energy, hormones that affect the way calories are processed, and other organ systems in the body can all affect appetite. These groups of people do not have control on how they will be born, but they do have controls on whether they want to take initiative to have a healthy eating habits and life styles, which could help them away from obesity related problems.The idea is that as long as they realized the potential health issues they might have and circumstances themselves away from these dangers, they should not be required to pay higher health insurance rates since their behaviors could ease heavy economic burden on government. However, other type of people, who have choice on being obese or not, should pay higher health insurance rates if they choose to be obese by having unhealthy eating habits and sedentary lifestyle because they choose to place a negative externality to society, then, we should ask that for those people who choose to be obese, do they impose an cost on other people?Unfortunately, the answer would be yes. Those people believe they have the sound to choose their own lifestyle even though it is bad for their health, but what they didnt noticed is that their right would impose an cost on people who have a health lifestyle. It is common sense that obesity can cause many diseases. Author Yves Engler, who is a Canadian writer and political activist, mentions in his article Obesity Much of the Responsibility Lies with Corporations that Researchers claim there are links between obesity and more than 30 medical conditions, including heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, cancers and possibly Alzheimers.In other words, obesity is not just about how you look like physically, it actually causes many fatal diseases, which cost much to cure. Yves Engler points out in the same article that The U. S. National Institute of Health estimates that the annual costs of treating obesity-related conditions are at least $120 billion, that is to say, larger proportions of tax dollars were used to treat people who are downfall their own healthy by choosing a bad healthy life style.Then, why should people who care about their health and choose health life style paid the money for those group of people who claims that they have their own right to choose what they want. It does not make sense that psyche who doesnt care about their health by eating excessive amounts of unhealthy food and spending few time exercising pays the same insurance premium of a person who makes it a priority to keep t heir health in the best possible shape they can. In some degree, requires obese people pay higher health insurance is just like require dangerous driver pay higher car insurance rates.The driver could have options to drive safely, but he/she choose drive dangerously instead and because of his/her dangerous driving, it would put others life and properties in a risky place. So, is it kind of discrimination if car insurance companies charge higher rates to those dangerous drivers than drivers who drive safely? It is probably not. The idea the require obese people tp pay higher insurance rates is not because government want to take advantages from obese people, it is because it is a good way to encourage obese people control their life style.That being said, requiring people who obese pay higher insurance rates is not discrimination. It is a fair way that redistributes health care expenses and encourages them to pay attention to their health. each(prenominal) in all, those people who r ealized they are obese but do not want to take initiative do to control their weight should pay higher insurance because their own choice brings a negative externality on society. Because of their unhealthy ifestyle, they would more likely to get obese related health problem than non-obese people and then demand more health care resource than non-obese people, they should responsible for the cost that resulted by their own choices. Work Cited U. S. Obesity Trends. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Feb. 2012. Web. 27 May. 2012. . Nilsson, Siri. Good Luck If Youre Searching for Good-for-You Eats. ABC News.ABC News Network, 26 Sept. 2006. Web. 27 May. 2012. . Obesity In America Whats Driving The Epidemic?. Harvard mens room Health Watch 16. 7 (2012) 5-7. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 May. 2012 2008 corporeal Activity Guidelines for Americans. Contents. 1 Jan. 2008. Web. 27 May. 2012. http//www. health. gov/paguidelines/g uidelines/default. aspx. Understanding Obesity. Understanding Obesity. 12 Jan. 2008. Web. 28 May 2012. http//www. obesityinamerica. rg/understandingObesity/index. cfm. Bittman, Mark. OP-ED COLUMNIST Is Junk Food Really Cheaper. The New York Times. The New York Times, 25 Sept. 2011. Web. 11 June 2012. http//www. nytimes. com/2011/09/25/opinion/sunday/is-junk-food-really-cheaper. hypertext mark-up language? pagewanted=all. Engler, Yves. English 1022 OnlineSpring 2010. Obesity Much of the Responsibility Lies with Corporations. N. p. , n. d. Web. 11 June 2012. http//spring2010online1022. blogspot. com/2010/02/obesity-much-of-responsibility-lies. html.

Business ethics Essay

The role that ethics plays in strategic management has castrated drastically in the last 20 years. It was rare to find companies that had ethics in the point of their management plans in the 1990s. Business was all about maximizing proceeds/shareholder equity. Incidents like Enrons nonstarter caused a big change in management style. Enrons failure in 2001 represents the biggest tune bankruptcy ever while also spotlighting corporate Americas clean failings. (Silversmith, 2013) That spotlight showed a moral environment fraught with greed and improvidence where prospicient term growth for companies was concerned.New organisation regulations on business make it to a greater extent(prenominal) important that the Board of Directors, CEO and CFO takes more responsibility for how they run the company. Shareholders are also demanding more of the leaders of businesses. For a time, shareholders did not pay attention to how the company was run as long as they received their dividends. N ow they are are much more aware. Many people were hurt financially by the bankruptcies and re-valuations of those companies with questionable practices. credit line of profits is no longer the main focus for many companies.The emphasis is now on ethical issues including environmental, employee satisfaction, and consumer satisfaction. Ethics and integrity are at the core of sustainable long term success. Says Richard Rudden, managing partner at orchestrate Rock Advisors in New York State. Without them, no strategy can work, as Enron demonstrated, enterprises will fail. That is despite having some of the smartest guys in the room. Another area that was touched by the lack of corporate ethics was the mortgage industry. Regulations were relaxed, and some larger banks took it as a chance to make a lot of notes very quickly.They wrote bad loans for people that could not pay. Using sub-prime methods led to a lot of people that could not afford to buy a rest home getting mortgages. When they could not pay, the banks found is financially more advantageous to preclude rather than try to work with the borrowers. They are still doing that to this day, even with government mandated refinance programs. Unfortunately, some people/organizations take longer to learn a lesson than others. References Silversmith, K. (2013, May 14). Enron, Ethics and Todays Corporate Values. Retrieved from Forbes. com.

Monday, February 25, 2019

Truman Show Media Essay

Trumann keep is built and controlled, and revolved around media without his knowledge. Trumann better world Is a take metaphor for our lives. Our lives are warped by the medias ideals similarly how the protagonist unknowingly lives in a life that is being controlled. In both circumstances, the medias important objective seems to be evident a subtle mood to broadcast a message. The media depicted in the motion picture has a significantly high Influential role to our modern day conjunction, which Is unavoidable.This is strongly visualized by means ofout, the Truman show solely based on three points which are commercialism, manipulation, and emotions created when occupied into media. Manipulation is a recurring theme in the Truman show as the media creates chimerical societal expectations for the viewers. These expectations are created to achieve the ideal life that is demonstrated in Trumann life, as each situation he encounters Is Immaculately set up. s comport Is a prime example of how the film shows the audience what a perfect world Is pertaining to.In the utopian world, everybody is content with his or her lives, but realistically its embellished. The society is manipulated in thinking to believe a flawless world exists and the way people live In media Is the way humanity should live as well. The film displays Traumas life In a nutshell, having an adequate Job and having a significant other, which are things, any typical male would request for. The Truman fate implemented an imaginary world to capture the viewers attention and to give of a positive vibe, further Influencing the viewers that media can help us pull ahead the Ideal world _In the scene, where Truman tells the teacher his dream occupation is to be an explorer, she blatantly lies to him down by telling him the whole world Is already been observe and explored. Truman now believes he can never become an explorer, destroying all his ambitions and aspirations. The teacher manipulated Tru man so he thinks that he cant be what he wants so he doesnt disrupt what the media wants. This is similar to how civilization Is manipulated as younger kids to believe that we cant employ what we truly desire such as being a feminine astronaut because its not supported by society.Modern day society is severely manipulated and charmd by external factors such as media and the powers of authority. Truman is not the only victim exposed to media, we all are as well. Ideals of our society are realised by the messages of the media In turn to shape our expectations and attitude towards life Itself. The media often demonstrates how it plays an impact with our emotions whether it is an advertisement or television show. These emotions can any have a positive or a negative repercussion to our mood. Media Is so powerful Its capable to take over an individuals composure.A prominent example would be when the tubful man goes to the extent by incorporating a television in his bathroom so h e can watch Truman would do such a peculiar thing for the purpose of watching a domain show. The bathtub striver to emulate Truman, fixating to every move he made, mat up like he was Truman or wanted to be like him. At the same time as Truman was sleeping, he was too. During the thunderstorm, where Truman was desperately holding onto his life, the bathtub man pretended he was in enduring the thunderstorm and held on to the shower curtains as followed.The media is able to toy with our emotions, which is apparent when Sylvia, Traumas first true(a) love knelt down in front of the television in desperation when watching The Truman Show. This signifies that Sylvia had built up emotions and felt an intimate connection with the character. She was insanely hoping Truman realizes he is living in a constructed staged world. Sylvia felt infuriated and appalled that Christofis has the power to control ones life, physically and mentally. Due to Christofis repugnant actions, Sylvia took wo rld-class to notify the director of how unacceptable it is to confine a human in sense of morality.By the behavior and emotions people generated by media indicates that media can easily influence peoples mental state. Since, Traumas life is broadcasted 2417 to an extensive audience, its only right to include commercialism, for paid purposes. The labels and brands are explicitly shown as well advertised all through the movie whether it is Maroon holding his beer a or posters saying assuage Range Kaiser Chicken. By endorsing the products, it promotes and emphasizes positive connections with the brand.Product placement is an advantageous tool to grass merchandise and is shown during the entire movie. One moment that highlighted this point is when Merely also describes how marvelous the cocoa is. Her method to endorse the cocoa wasnt genuine however, when person is constantly bombarding you with information of how great this product is, people will perish to believe its true. Mer ely also talks about how fancy and running(a) this kitchen utensil is, because its peeler, dicer, and grater integrated into a single appliance.Product placement can either be subtle or exaggerated nevertheless its objective is to earmark the audience a long lasting impression, thus unconsciously jumper lead them to purchase the product. Media is critical factor of how society is influenced because how media is perceived whether itd be deception, endorsements, or feelings developed when looking at media. The Truman Show is a fictional film created to explicate the audience that everything on the media isnt authentic or accurate. We should value our own beliefs and not the interpretation the media is portraying.

Days later analysis

Days letter in my opinion is one of the best zombi spirit tears that has been produced in my measure and revalidated the Zombie genre. This is one of my favorites because of its intriguing story line and a keen acting performance by any characters. 28 days later provides a plethora of horror engineering, brotherly attitudes, as well as social critique. Released in 2002, 28 Days later draws its viewing audience in overcompensate from the start. At the beginning of the icon we see a concourse of PETA extremists breaking into what seems to be an animal testing celerity.This conference of people who argon breaking into the facility to free a separate of monkeys who ar cosmos used as science experiments and existence injected with what is called the Rage virus. As the crowd goes to break the monkeys out of their fiberglass cages, a scientist who works at the facility catches them in the act. Here is where us viewers argon scratch line introduced (briefly) to the craz e virus. The scientist warns them that the monkeys are infected with Rage and that what they are doing is extremely dangerous.The scientist begs them not to hold the cages but ultimately they end up doing it anyway. The female in the assort opens the cage and the infected monkey runs out and attacks the group where the virus first begins to spread. The rest of the read shows Jim as he embarks on his journey though post-apocalyptic London. Jim wakes up naked in a hospital bed where he has no idea where he is. After he detaches all of the hoses and wires from his dust he ventures out into the rest of the hospital where he discovers that something is right.Later in the hit Jim runs into a few more survivors and rest of the film shows them making the lurch to a army muscularhold that they heard roughly on a radio broadcast. 8 Days later is without a mistrust a film that revalidated the living dead genre. While the zombies in this film arent what the type of zombie fans are used to seeing, this film is still extremely terrifying 28 Days Later employs horror engineering techniques to add to the mass amounts of scariness that already exists end-to-end the film. The first horror engineering technique that is used throughout this film is formlessness.Formlessness is focusing a little more on the creatures appearances throughout horror films. In this courtship formlessness is employed to constitute these skeletal system empty-bellied zombies even scarier than they already are. The zombies in 28 Days later are extremely terrifying not only because they want to eat the uninfected flesh but mainly because of their appearance. Like I said before, the zombies in this film arent like zombies fans of this genre are used to seeing. They are dirty, they are deformed, and they are fast Really fast.When these zombies are chasing their prey, they sprint fast as lightning and their munition sway in a fluid motion. This is a small enlarge that adds massive amounts of horror into the film. There is Just something about these zombies fluid soundbox motions that makes them so scarey. Another horror engineering technique that was employed much throughout the film is mastication. The concept of Mastication is the creature in the precise film involving swarms, crowding, and teeming to overrun anyone that is not infected with the rage virus.Just about e very(prenominal) there is a blastoff with zombies in it (aside from the one thats chain up) there is an extremely large number of them that require the uninfected to beat back immediate action. The zombies in this film are already scary enough, but with a group of at least 20 of them chasing after genus Selene, Jim and the others in the group of uninfected. One scene in varyicular that is absolutely blunt is when the Jim and co. Car breaks down in the traffic tunnel. As the tire is being changed we see tunnel rats running in a group the diametral direction.Soon after that Jim notices the silhouettes of the zombies shadows on the tunnel walls running in their direction. Things dont seem overly alarming at first but when the zombies come in sketch there is more than a few of them, there is a group of 20+ zombies in an all-out sprint running toward them. Luckily the group barely escapes but, that scene alone was enough to realize viewers business pumping Mastication makes this film even scarier than it already is, because one of these zombies alone is scary enough let alone a group of 20 or moreIn this film there are also social attitudes that are return. One of the more prominent social attitudes that are present in this film is the views on modern bio power. In the beginning of the film we see the infected test subjects that happen to be monkeys. It is unknown why the monkeys are infected with the rage virus in the first specify but it seems as if scientists were trying to come up with up with a cure for the rage virus where the experiment looked to be ailing b ecause of all of the test subjects that were present in the lab. 8 Days Later has a negative view to this modern borrower that is being used. It seems Danny Bayle and Alex Garland (Director and Writer) were trying to cast a meat that the modern evolution of borrower can be unwarranted business if we arent careful. 28 Days later was a clear line drawing of what life would be like if the use of borrower wasnt carefully handled. In the case of the film scientists were not careful because of the way a small group of PETA enthusiasts were able to sneak into the science facility and let the rage gladiola lose.It would be extremely difficult to imagine Danny Bayle and Alex Garland directing and musical composition a movie where modern borrower is a raging success, probably because it would be difficult for borrower to have that type of outcome. Other social views that are in this film are the shifting attitudes towards gender. One of the first characters that are met in this film hap pens to be an African British female by the address of Selene. She and another male are the first two people that Jim meets right when he gets out of the hospital and begins to wander the streets of London.For the iris half(a) of the film, there is a positive social attitude towards females. Selene is a walk zombie killing machine and is extremely knowledge on how to retort care of her self in post-apocalyptic times. In other words she is a complete bedaubs Selene even teaches Jim a few things such as after the first time they are attacked together she asks Jim if he got zombie blood in his eyes or mouth. Selene then production to tell Jim that if someone is bitten then you only have a curt period of time to kill that person before they turn. Selene shows Jim her ways and even saves his ass every once and a while.The positive views towards the females in the film are apparent and wouldnt be surprised if female viewers were to shout muff Go Girl a few times throughout the movi e To contrast, these positive views kind of disappear in the bite half of the film. As the group makes it to the military stronghold the Major henry West informs Jim that he had promised all of his men women if they were to send out a radio broadcast about their location. After Jim is informed is when things shift downwardly in terms of social attitudes towards female at least for this part of the film.It is night and day when comparing the views towards females from the first half of the film to the second. In the first half Selene is a zombie killer with a ton of different skills that she uses in order to survive. In the second half Selene and Hanna are nothing but sex dolls for the soldiers at the strong hold to play with. The soldiers begin to harass and inappropriately touch Selene and Hanna to the school principal where zombies arent the only things they should be afraid of anymore. At one point the horny soldiers think it would be a good idea to get Selene and Hannah all dressed up n extravagant dresses to make them look even more appealing.Hannah and Galenas stay at the makeshift military base is not a pleasant one to say the least. 28 Days Later also does a fantastic Job at illustrating what life would be like after society has failed. At the very beginning of the film we see one of the test subjects being shown montages of planetary disaster and conflict. It seems that the film was trying to send us a message, and that message was if we as a society keep on the same bob then the ending could be a disaster and something to similar to 28 Days later could become a reality.Some perspectives could see this opening scene as humanity being the tied up monkey honoring these tragic events happen before our eyes and then facing close from the rage virus. 28 Days Later at the time was a misunderstood masterpiece where over time it has shifted into a classic film that revalidated the zombie genre. 28 Days Later will without a doubt go down as a classic f ilm as it perfectly summed up how crazy our society is and what it could become if we arent careful. Danny Bayle and Alex Garland did a fantastic Job at putting this film together making it one of the best and most recognizable zombie films of my generation

Sunday, February 24, 2019

Sale & Attachment of Property in Execution Decree

Chapter I Introduction & inquiry Methodology 1. Introduction The outlet of a revision by a competent speak to once and for all determines the rights of the piece of musicies with witness to all or any of the matters in contr all everywheresy in the suit, thus creating substantive rights in favour of the guild-holder. However, lately it has been seen that instead of next the harm and conditions of the decree, judgment-debtors have been placing a amount of obstacles in the way of a decree-holder. In fact, much(prenominal) a trend has convey so usual that it has forced the Supreme judicatory to opine that the difficulties of a litigant de jump when he has obtained a decree.Conscious of the signifi female genitaliace and importance of great(p) effect to the decree and readys passed by competent moveyards, the edict of elegant cognitive process pop the questions for elaborate reign overrs for the execution of decrees. In an attempt to look that a decree-holder is sufficient to realize the benefits out of the decree, the grave of civilian surgical process gives a tally of modes for the execution of decrees. One of these modes of execution of decrees is the process of appendage and helping hand of the properties of the judgment-debtor.Since, a decree holder does non by virtue of the judgment, get a right to the memory, he cannot get the right by way of file a suit but by concomitant and exchange in execution. While through the process of amplifyment the court informs the world that the blank space so assigned to be connected is in its view and no existing rights and liabilities should be altered through the process of exchange of the properties of the judgment-debtor, the hook diverts the attribute so collected to the decree-holder in satisfaction of his claim. However, by its actually(prenominal) reputation holding whitethorn be of variant types.Therefore, a judgment-debtor whitethorn possess either negotiable or im moveable properties, or both. Thus, station in regard the differing characteristics of these two types of properties, the enter of civil affair prescribes opposite procedures for the concomitant and exchanges agreement of movable and immovable properties. It is the endeavour of this project to rise the process of chemical bond and barter of movable and immovable stead in a money decree and to intellectualize the reasons for the different process for the holdfast and deal of movable and immovable property. 2.enquiry Methodology The research scheme at a lower placetaken by the researcher is comprised of doctrinal study of the books available at the library of the appoint of Law and besides that the researcher has besides taken the help of the lucre to look into almost of the Interpretation of some compositors expressions and principle of native legal expert and the researcher the to a fault taken in view the various wooings which are relevant for the re search work. 3. Research Hypothesis What are the conditions nether which bond certificate & exchange of property becomes necessary, can it be done & how it is done. . Aim of Research The aim of this project is to find out why sometimes it becomes very much necessary for the appendix of property even by and by the brain has been declared & to examine the different ways under tag of well-behaved unconscious process which provide for deal and appendix of property. 5. Scope & Limitation of Research The scope of this project is limited to the study of the various formulation regarding adhesion and cut-rate sales agreement of property in execution of decrees provided for in the Code of well-behaved single-valued function. Chapter II concomitant of place . General Section 51 (b) empowers the court to set execution of decree by attachment and sale or by sale without attachment of any property. The court is competent to attach the property if it is situated within the lo cal limits of the jurisdiction of the court. 1 It is immaterial that the view of business of the judgement debtor is outside the jurisdiction of the court. The words attachment and sale in clause (b) of section 51 are to be read disjunctively. Therefore, the attachment of the property is not a condition precedent.Hence, the sale of the property without an attachment is not void or without jurisdiction and does not vitiate the sale. It is except an irregularity. An pronounce of attachment takes effect from the moment it is brought to the key of the court. pattern 54 provides for the attachment of immovable property and the procedure for the declaration of such attachment. The object of regain 54 is to inform the judgement debtor about the attachment so that he whitethorn not maneuver or create encumbrance over the property there after(prenominal). 2 The code enumerates properties to be attached and exchange in execution of a decree. 3 Likewise, it also break upicular properties which are not liable to be attached or exchange. 4 It also prescribes the procedure where the same property is attached in execution of decrees by to a greater extent than one court. 5 The code also declares that a closed-door derangement of property after attachment is void. In Ghanshyam Das v. Anant Kumar,6 while relations with the eatable of the Code of well-behaved Procedure relating to the execution of decrees and orders, the Supreme judicatory had tell that the civil Procedure Code contains elaborate and exhaustive preps for dealing with the inquiry of execution of decrees.More special(prenominal)ally, Section 518 of the Code of civil Procedure enumerates in general terms the various modes of execution of a decree, one amongst which is the attachment of the property of the judgment-debtor. Procedure enumerates in general terms the various modes of execution of a decree, one amongst which is the attachment of the property of the judgment-debtor. 2. det ermination of addition Execution of a decree takes place by attachment of property of judgment-debtor. In fact, the attachment of the judgment-debtors property s the prelude step to the sale of property in execution proceedings and the inherent object of attachment of the property is to give break to the judgment-debtor not to sacrifice his property to anyone and also to the general public not to purchase or to deal with the property of the judgment-debtor attached in execution proceedings. 3. Effect of Attachment Section 64 of the Code of civilian Procedure makes it manifest that attachment has merely the effect of preventing private alienation to the prejudice of claims under attachment.It conveys no title, charge, lien or priority in favour of the attaching creditor. In fact, in Subbarao v. formal Receiver7 the Andhra Pradesh High court of justice while dealing with the involuntary sale of the judgment-debtors flat under a decree of a court, stated that an order of attachm ent does not prevent a move by operation of law and nor does it create any interest or lien. 4. Property which can be Attached Section 60 of the Code of well-mannered Procedure enumerates the properties, which are liable to attachment in execution of a decree.It states that all marketable property (movable or immovable) belonging to the judgment-debtor or over which or the portion of which he has a disposing power which he may exercise for his own benefit may be attached and sold in execution of a decree against him. More specifically, in dry land of Punjab v. Dina Nath,8 wherein the right to officiate at funeral ceremonies was held to be not saleable, it was stated by the Supreme Court that Section 60 of the Code of Civil Procedure is not exhaustive and specific non-inclusion of a particular species of property under Section 60 is therefore, not of any consequence if it is saleable9 former(a)wise.However, regard must be had to the proviso to sub-section (1) of Section 60, wh ich enumerates certain properties such as necessary wearing apparel, cooking vessels, beddings, tools of artisans, implements of husbandry, houses of bucolicists, wages, salaries, pensions and gratuities, compulsory secretarys, right to future maintenance etc. and declares that the properties specified therein are exempt from attachment and sale in the execution of a decree. . Attachment of Movable Property The bondable property belonging to the judgment-debtor may be either movable or immovable in nature. dominates 43 to 53 of revise 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure lay down the different ways in which the movable property belonging to the judgment debtor is to be attached keeping in regard the nature of the specific movable property sought to be attached. 1.Attachment Of Movable Property (Other Than Agricultural Produce) In Possession Of The Judgment-Debtor Rule 43 of determine 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure deals with the mode of attachment of all movable property, ot herwise than agricultural produce and property not in the possession of the judgment-debtor, for both of which provision is do in Rules 44 to 46 of coif 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure.Under baseball club 21, Rule 43, the attachment is legally piss only by actual seizure. Significantly, keeping in view the alter nature of the movable properties that may be attached under this rule the Proviso to sound out 21, Rule 43 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides that when the property seized is discomfit to speedy and natural decay, or when the expense of keeping it in custody is likely to exceed its value, the attaching officer may lot it at once. 2.Attachment of Debt, Share & other property not in Possession of Judgement Debtor Rule 46 of golf club 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure deals with the mode of attachment of debt, cover and other movable property not in the possession of the judgment-debtor. Under prescribe 21, Rule 46 of the Civil Procedure Code the attachment of debts (other than transportable agents), shares in a corporation or other movable property not in the possession of the judgment-debtor is legally effected by a prohibitory order, as contradistinguished from the requirement of actual seizure under found 21, Rule 43. . Attachment of Negotiable Instrument Rule 51 of society 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure deals with the mode of attachment of conveyable agents, which are neither deposited in the court nor in the custody of a public officer. Under Order 21, Rule 51 of the Civil Procedure Code the attachment of negotiable instruments, which are neither deposited in the court nor in the custody of a public officer, is legally effected by actual seizure.As regards negotiable instruments it does not matter whether the negotiable instrument is in possession of the judgment-debtor or not. Furthermore, the actual seizure of the negotiable instrument is necessary as there is always a danger that third parties may bona fide become poss essed of the negotiable instrument, and if a prohibitory order is held to be a valid attachment, they would be prejudiced by such an order of which they may know noaffair. 4.Attachment of Salary or accommodation Rules 48 and 48-A of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure deal with the mode of attachment of salary of the judgment-debtor. Under Order 21, Rules 48 and 48-A of the Civil Procedure Code the attachment of judgment-debtors salary or gross profit is legally effected by issuing a prohibitory notice to the dispersing officer but if such prohibitory notice is not served to the dispersing officer, the order of attachment will have no effect.Furthermore, the territorial reserve jurisdiction is not considered in this show window, and wherever the judgment-debtor is working his salary can be attached. 5. Attachment of obdurate Property The attachable property belonging to the judgment-debtor may also be immovable in nature. Rule 54 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure la ys down the directions as to the mode of attachment of immovable property, which are authorisation in nature and not merely directory.Under Rule 54 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure the attachment of immovable property is legally effected by the effect of an order by the Court prohibiting the judgment-debtor from transferring or charging the property in any way, and all mortals from taking any benefit from such transfer or charge. Such an order is to be proclaimed at some place on or adjacent to such property by beat of drum or other customary mode, and a repeat of the order shall be attach on a conspicuous part of the property and then upon a conspicuous part of the Court-house.Also, where the property to be attached is a land paying revenue to the Government, a repeat of the order is to be affixed in the office of the Collector of the rule in which the land is situate and, where the property is land situate in a village, also in the office of the Gram Panchayat, if any, having jurisdiction over that village. Chapter III exchange of Property 3. 1. General A decree may be executed by attachment and sale or by sale without attachment of any property.Sections 65 to 74 and Rules 64 to 106 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure deal with the material provisions relating to sale and delivery of properties. 3. 2. Power of Court Rule 64 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure states that any Court performance a decree may order that any property attached by it and liable to sale, or such portion therefore as may seem necessary to satisfy the decree, shall be sold, and that the proceeds of such sale, or a sufficient portion thereof, shall be paid to the fellowship entitled under the decree to receive the same.However, it must be mention that in Desh Bandhu v. Anand,10 wherein the Court, while confronted with the twin issues of sale of properties situated outside the territorial jurisdiction of the Executing Court and the failure of the judg ment-debtor to take objection in time, it was opined that The term may in this rule does not confer a discretion on the Court to order or refuse to order a sale it is obligatory on it to do so when a valid lotion for such order and a valid attachment has been do. 3. 3.Sale by Whom Conducted and How Made Rule No. 65 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure enacts that every sale in execution of a decree shall be conducted by an officer of the Court or by such person as the Court may appoint in this behalf, in a public auctioneer. 3. 4. announcement of Sale A proclamation of sale is necessary for providing information to the intending purchasers. Thus, Rule 66 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure enacts that the Court shall cause a proclamation of the intended sale to be made in the language of the Court.Such a proclamation is to be drawn up after the notice to the decree-holder and the judgment-debtor. An absence of a notice causes irremediable fault to the judgment-deb tor and sale without such a notice will be a nullity. 3. 4. 1. Purpose of a Proclamation It has been stated that a proclamation of sale is meant for the information of intending purchasers and not of the judgment-debtor. However, in Narayanappa v.Akkulappa,11 it was stated that the purpose of issuing a proclamation is two-fold (a) it protects the interests of the intending purchasers by giving them all material information regarding the property to be sold and (b) it protects the interests of the judgment-debtor by facilitating the experienceing of proper market charge for his property and by preventing it being knocked down at public auction for a price much below the market price. 3. 4. 2. Contents of the ProclamationRule 66 (2) of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure enacts that the proclamation, which is to be drawn up shall state the time and place of sale, and assign as accurately as possible, the following particulars (a) the property to be sold, or, where a part of th e property would be sufficient to satisfy the decree, such part (b) the revenue assessed upon the commonwealth or part of the estate, where the property to be sold is an interest in an estate or in part of an estate paying revenue to the Government (c) any encumbrance to which the property is liable (d) the amount for the recovery of which the sale is ordered and (e) every other thing which the Court considers material for a purchaser to know in order to judge of the nature and value of the property. 3. 4. 3. Mode of making Proclamation In order to protect the judgment-debtors and for the purpose of ensuring that the properties of such persons shall not be stray to sale unless due publicity is given to the fact that a sale is to be held and a proper opportunity is afforded to bidders to attend the sale after notice is given Rule 67 of Order 21 has been compound in the Code of Civil Procedure. Rule 67 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides that every proclamation shal l be made and published in the manner prescribed by Order 21, Rule 54 (2) for attachment for immovable property, i. e. , a replicate of it shall be affixed on a conspicuous part of the property, and then of the Court house, and in the Collectors office, in the case of revenue paying land. Also, if the Court so directs, it shall also be published in local Official Gazette, or in a local newspaper, or in both. 3. 5. cadence for SaleRule 68 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides that there shall be an interval of fifteen days in the case of immovable property and seven days in the case of movable property between the date of sale and the date of affixing the copy of the proclamation in the Court-house. However, it should be noted that the seven days rule does not apply to a sale of movables subject to speedy and natural decay. 3. 6. Sale of Movable Property Rules 74 to 81 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure provide for specific provisions for the sale of movable p roperties. 3. 6. 1. Place of Sale of Movable Properties Sale of all movable properties in execution of a decree should ordinarily be held at some place within the jurisdiction of the court ordering such sale. In the case of Lakshmibai v.Santappa,12 where certain ornaments were attached in Banaras and the judgment-debtor urged that they should be tell to be sold at Bombay on the ground that they would probably fetch a better price and it was found by the Court that a fair price could be had on the spot, it was held that there was no true(p) and sufficient reason to depart from the usual practice. 3. 6. 2. When Sale Becomes Absolute in Movable Properties Sub Rule 2 of Rule 77 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure enacts that the sale of a movable property becomes absolute as soon as the purchase money is paid to the officer or other person holding the sale and no order of Court is necessary as in the case of the sale of immovable property. 3. 6. 3. Sale of Agricultural Produce Rule 74 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure makes special provision for the sale of agricultural produce.It provides that in case of agricultural produce, the sale shall be held on or near the land on which the rove is stand or where the crop has been harvested, at or near the place where the crop is lying. It is also apposite to note that Sub Rule 2 of Rule 74 of Order 21 states that such a sale can be postponed, if the court feels (i) that the fair price is not offered and (ii) the owner thereof applies for such postponement. 3. 6. 4. Sale of Negotiable Instruments and Shares in Corporations Rule 76 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure makes special provision for the sale of negotiable instruments and shares in corporations.It provides that in case of negotiable instrument or a share in corporation, the court has power to order sale through a broker instead of by public auction. It is pertinent to note here that this rule is only permissive. A court is not bound to authorize the sale of negotiable instrument or share in a corporation through a broker. 3. 6. 5. Effect of stultification on Sale of Movable Property Rule 78 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure stipulates that even in case of irregularity in publishing or conducting of sale, the sale of moveable property in execution decree cannot be said aside. Thus, the sale does not ipso facto become void for reason of violation of provisions relating to the sale.However, a person sustaining any injury by reasons of irregularity in the sale at the hand of any other person may sue such a person for compensation, or, if such a person is the purchaser, for recovery of the specific property and for compensation in default of such recovery. 3. 7. Sale of Immovable Property Rules 82 to 96 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure provide for specific provisions relating to the sale of immovable properties. 3. 7. 1. Courts satisfactory to Order Sale Rule 82 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Pr ocedure stipulates that except the small cause court, any other court can give the order of sale of immovable property. 3. 7. 2. custody of SaleIn order to prevent the sale of the immovable property of the judgment-debtor in cases where the decree can be satisfied by private alienation of such property, Rule 83 of Order 21 has been incorporated into the Code of Civil Procedure. It provides that on an application by the judgment-debtor, the court in its discretion may give the judgment debtor some more time, to try and alienate the property in order to raise the unavoidable some of money. 3. 7. 3. Deposit and Payment of Price Rule 84 to 87 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure deal with the deposit and defrayal of price in cases of sale of immovable property. Immediately after the sale of immovable property, the purchaser must deposit 25 portion of purchase money, unless such requirement is dispense with by the court. The purchaser must pay the balance of the purchase-money within fifteen days of sale.In case of a failure on the part of the purchaser to deposit the amount, the plan of attack may be forfeited and fresh sale ordered, after the issuance of a fresh notification. Explaining the ambit and the scope of the provisions of Rules 84 to 86 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the Supreme Court in the case of Manilal Mohanlal v. Sayed Ahmed,13 has stated that Having examined the language of the relevant rules and the judicial decisions bearing upon the subject we are of the opinion that the provisions of the rules requiring the deposit of 25 per cent of the purchase-money immediately, on the person being declared as a purchaser and the payment of the balance within 15 days of the sale are mandatory and upon non-compliance with these provisions there is no sale at all.The rules do not contemplate that there can be any sale in favour of a purchaser without depositing 25 per cent of the purchase-money in the freshman instance and the balance within 15 days. When there is no sale within the contemplation of these rules, there can be no question of material irregularity in the conduct of the sale. Non-payment of the price on the part of the defaulting purchaser renders the sale proceedings as a complete nullity. 3. 7. 4. scenery aside of Sale Rule 89 to 92 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure deal with the setting aside of sale. They provide that when a property is old in execution of a decree, an application for setting aside sale may be made under these provisions by the persons and on the grounds mentioned therein. 3. 7. 5. Confirmation of SaleIn contrast with the provisions relating to the sale of movable properties, no sale of immovable property shall be come absolute until it is confirmed by the Court. Also, Rule 92 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which deals with the procedure for cheque of sale, provides that where no application to set aside the sale is made under Rules 89, 90 or 91 or where such application is made and is disallowed by the Court, the court shall make an order confirming the sale, and thereupon the sale shall become absolute. Chapter IV Conclusion It has been said that the difficulties of a litigant begin when he has obtained a decree.The execution process, which commences with the filing of an application for execution, aims at the enforcement of a decree by a judicial process. Aware of the fact that a number of obstacles are placed in the way of a decree-holder, who seeks to execute his decree against the property of the judgment-debtor, the Code of Civil Procedure provides for elaborate rules and procedures for the execution of decrees. In an attempt to enable the decree-holder to realize the fruits of the decree passed by the competent court in his favour, the Code of Civil Procedure allows for the attachment and sale of the properties of judgment-debtor as one amongst the various modes of executing a decree.However, the nature of the properties o f judgment-debtor liable for attachment is usually varied. The properties belonging to the judgment-debtor, which are sought to be attached and sold, may be movable or immovable. Since, movable and immovable properties by nature have differing rights there are different legal regimes governing these two types of properties, and therefore the court has to cater to these different rights and proceedings. Thus, in an attempt to ensure that attachment and sale of the property of the judgment-debtor remains a viable and legal mode of execution of decrees the Code of Civil Procedure has prescribed different procedures for the attachment and ale of movable and immovable properties in execution of money decrees. This is outdo illustrated in the prescription of actual seizure of the property in cases of attachment of movable property, as in these cases a very real bane exist that the property might escape the jurisdiction of court. Chapter V Bibliography 1. Basus , The Code of Civil Proc edure, Ashok Law House, New Delhi, 10th Edn. , Vol. 2, 2007. 2. Majumdars, rendering on the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, Orient Publishing Company, 6th Edn. , Vol. 1, 2010. 3. arbiter Nandi & Gupta Sen, The Code of Civil Procedure, Kamal Law House, Kolkata, Vol. 1, 2009. 4. Raos V. J. The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, ALT Publications, 5th Edn. , Vol. 1, 2008. 5. Jain, M. P. , The Code of Civil Procedure,2nd Edn. , Lexis Nexis ButterWorths Wadhwa,Nagpur. 2008. 6. Prasa, B. M. , & Sarvaria, S. k. , Mulla The Code Of Civil Procedure,14th Edn. , Lexis Nexis ButterWorths Wadhwa,Nagpur, 2011. 1 Raoof v. Lakshmipathi, radiate 1969 Mad 268. 2 Desh Bandhu v. N. L. Anand, (1994) 1 SCC 131. 3 S. 60(1). 4 Proviso to S. 60(1). 5 S. 63. 6 phone line 1991 SC 2251. 7 AIR 1965 A. P. 52 8 (1984) 1 SCC 137 9 Saleable means saleable by auction under the orders of a Court 10 (1994) 1 SCC 131 11 AIR 1965 A. P. 215 12 AIR 1964 Bom 342 13 AIR 1954 SC 349