Strategies for Control Dissent of Social Movements Essay

Strategies for Control Dissent of Social Movements - Essay Example This therefore means that, the social movements should devise sound strategies to deal with dissent. The section that follows, gives detailed information on the strategies used to fight dissent. Transforming Perceptions of the History This strategy works well during the early days of social movements. At this time, the target audience have little information of existence of problems in the past. In addition, the social movement at this stage is not very vibrant and bold in its approach to solving the existing problems (Charles 302). Moreover, the group lays a lot of hopes in future. Various institutions such as social and professional unions, religious organization, labor unions, and mass media help to complement the efforts of social movements. Other partners include schools, courts, and government. These institutions sensitize people to search for ways to fight the challenges at hand. At the same time, the institutions plead to society to bury the past and forge for better ways to deal with the situational demands. It is a workable strategy that aims to make the audiences to forget the past, and encourages them to challenge their current situations with a lot of zeal. This makes the audiences focus on the current situational demand. Transforming perception of history strategy strengthens the audience to resist boldly the forces of those who long for the past way of living. Such a group lives in the past and it will always think of how things could have been better at that time. This makes them to lose the grip with the current situation. They do little to challenge the present. Transforming the perception of history helps the audiences to stand strong to those who are afraid of changes. Some members of the society associate the current achievements with the past (Charles 302). They fear that, positive societal changes may be so much that their enemy takes them back to their old way of living. The strategy shifts the minds of audiences and they focus on the sa me direction; to fight unpleasing changes or call for changes. It seeks to unite different social movements through winning members and advocating for same grievances and solutions as a whole. Transforming the Perceptions of the Society Strategy This is a prudent strategy because it informs the audience of the importance of societal changes. This strategy endeavours to transform the perception of audience on the opposition forces. Some society members view that it is a waste of time and resources to wage an opposition on either government or those in authority. Charles (304) perceives that the role of this strategy is to revitalize the way movements should respond to opposing forces. This strategy seeks to make the audience and other social groups with different ideologies to see the sense of opposition groups. The social movements acknowledge that it is only through these eye-opening forums that the society knows what is afflicting their life. They also see the evident gaps that we re inconspicuous before. The overall effects of such interventions are strong social movements. It also makes the social movement gain recognition. The grievances of the members undoubtedly receive the right attention with a lasting solution. Moreover, the society realizes the value that the social movements possess. This helps social movements to gain confidence in their pursuit for meaningful changes that accommodate the needs of every member in the society. The audience realizes that they are human beings and it

Legal, social, and economics of Business Essay Example for Free

Legal, social, and economics of Business Essay The scenario in question gives us the portfolio of a person that likes to do things around the home and has come up with an idea that might benefit his/her home and perhaps other homes globally. Another version of this idea already exists on the market but the person believes his invention might further simplify and make the â€Å"appliance† more user friendly and safer. This person does not have available funds for the project and would therefore have to look to an outsider to complete the task at hand. The inventor has researched the market of the other â€Å"appliance† and found that it has an annual growth of 2%. He believes this invention could increase that growth because he thinks this invention might be used in many other â€Å"appliances† making the product quite versatile and therefore appealing to a wide range of markets. For the person to be able to make a wise decision about how to make his project a reality we look at three types of business, the sole proprietorship, general partnership and corporation, while considering the advantages and disadvantages. After looking thoroughly at these types of businesses, we try to make an informed decision in which type to recommend for the project, keeping in mind all the aspects of the persons â€Å"limitations†. These three types of businesses all have their advantages and disadvantages and based on those we determine that general partnership would be the smartest way to proceed, as the persons â€Å"limitations† minimize the chances of the two other options succeeding. Let us start by looking at closely at the three business types in question regarding the scenario. Sole proprietorship, a business owned and operated by one person. Advantages: He would be in full control, and accountable to no one but himself. In the case listed this could be good because he could manage his time between his business and the home equally, on the other hand it might also bring difficulties both to the home and business as one might suffer from the other. Managing a business by oneself must be a difficult task. It is easily achievable. The startup of a sole proprietorship would be easy, but does success come from ease? There must be some risks and difficulties involved. Less money to be raised for starting up the business. As written in the scenario, the subject does not have access to large funds, therefore this could be a less financially upsetting way to start. Disadvantages: He would be liable for all the debts of the business personally, there is no limit to his liability. Putting his family’s financial security at risk might not seem a good idea and hardly appealing to his spouse, but taking a considerable amount of risk would be necessary. He might find it difficult to attain funding. Being an individual with low â€Å"net worth† banks and other loan facilities might not want to take the chance of lending the money for the project. General partnership, two or more persons whom share monetary responsibilities. Advantages: Growth possibilities. As described in the scenario the idea could be usable with several â€Å"appliances† making the project likely to have considerable growth potential in time. Easier to attain funding. If two or more individuals take up partnership it is more likely to be appealing to monetary facilities to fund the project because two individuals are worth more than just one. Both partners are taxed as individuals. Only one level of taxation. Partners are taxed according to their partnership agreement and have full control over how their income is allocated in accordance to their interests as long as there is economic reason. Disadvantages: One person may be liable for all debts. If for example a person would only be letting someone use their name in the partnership agreement, that same person, even if he or she could prove never to have had anything to do with the business itself, could be liable. It is therefore extremely important to have a good, detailed partnership agreement that covers all aspects of the partnership. Conveyance of ownership can be arduous. If for example one of the partners died, the partnership would go to his next of kin or whomever is his or her heir. This could be a problem if that person is not interested in the partnership or for any other reason is unable to uphold the partnership agreement. Corporation, a business where owners have separate status from the business itself and are only financially liable at part. Advantages: The owners are only liable for the funds they bring into the business. There is an exception from this rule, if the incorporation of the company was not â€Å"up to par†, an owner can be held liable. The business is not reliant on the owners to continue. The board members can easily agree on â€Å"pushing† an owner out of the corporation, which can be become a reality in this particular scenario if the inventor or initial owner of the corporation does not have a â€Å"bulletproof† agreement and/or patent of the product of the corporation. If an owner dies or by any other means cannot uphold his status in the corporation it does not affect the corporation itself. Disadvantages: Costly startup. As written before, the subject is not a person of great means. Starting a corporation could be extremely difficult for this person. Rules and regulations. There are different rules and regulations in accordance with where the corporation is incorporated, for the subject it might be a wise decision to incorporate in another state than where he lives, which in turn could make the spouse unhappy for it would obviously make the home life difficult and/or resolve in them having to move the whole family to a new place. The owner as well as the business are taxed separately, making the income double taxed. â€Å"First, a corporation pays income taxes on company profits. Then stockholders pay taxes on their income (in form of dividends) returned by their investments.†( Ebert, R. J., Griffin,R. W. (2011), page 48) To make an informed decision regarding the type of business that best fits the person’s interests, abilities and the product, the first step for the person could be to have the idea assessed. There are several businesses that offer that kind of services and for this particular scenario it might be the best thing to do. From reading the scenario it is apparent that the persons spouse is insecure about the whole affair and by having the idea or invention assessed the inventor could get an experienced professional in this field to assess the product regarding manufacturing possibilities, consumer needs, legal aspects and distribution, before he jumps in â€Å"at the deep end† and puts his family’s financial security at risk. Having done that, based on the assessment, he could make an informed decision regarding the business type best suitable. After reading the scenario and studying the business types it would be likely that the best type in this case would be General partnership. That recommendation is based on the fact that the person is low on funding options and taking in consideration the families security, sole proprietorship seems too risky because the person would have to create large debts in the beginning to just produce the product, that is, if any type of monetary company would want to risk lending to the person in the first place. Also by opting for sole proprietorship, all obligations of the business would fall on the person, making the venture potentially minimize family time. Even though sole proprietorship could result in great personal success and money if all went as planned, the initial risk would be too great, especially when taken into consideration the fact that the person has little or no managerial skills. By choosing general partnership, the person could, after having the invention assessed, and perhaps patented the â€Å"appliance†, make detailed business plan that could be presented to one or more potential business partners with access to large funds and /or good credit, being careful in choosing someone who can bring to the table something that compensates his shortcomings, like his lack of managerial skills. General partnership also divides the risk, making the project more appealing to the persons spouse. By creating a â€Å"bulletproof† detailed partnership agreement it minimizes the risk of all factors of the disadvantages in general partnership. Choosing the corporation type at this time would not be wise because it requires large funds and could prove too large an undertaking for the person at this point. That however does not mean things cannot change in time.

Eleanor Roosevelt Essay -- biography biographies bio

I. Introduction William Jay Jacobs, the author of â€Å"Eleanor Roosevelt†, was born in 1933. He has written many biographies of people like Abraham Lincoln, Winston Churchill, ad Eleanor Roosevelt. Jacobs especially admired Eleanor Roosevelt. He described her as a â€Å"woman of courage† who was able to â€Å"turn her pain into strength†. Jacobs says that by this biography and others, he is able to â€Å"reach a very special audience: young people searching for role models, trying to understand themselves†. Jacobs has written many biographies of different people because he hopes that his young readers can draw inspiration from â€Å"the great reservoirs of recorded history† The element of â€Å"Eleanor Roosevelt† is biography. The author, William Jay Jacobs, used primary sources to write about another person’s life, making it a biography. Jacobs also used third-person point of view. He used words like â€Å"she† and â€Å"her† indicating that it was someone else who was telling the story. If Eleanor were writing it, then the story would have contained words like â€Å"I† and â€Å"me†. This would have shown that the story is an autobiography since Eleanor was writing about herself† The story also displays the element of biography when the author’s purpose of the story was to inform the reader about the true account of the subject’s life. The topic of this story is self-esteem and dignity. In the American Heritage Dictionary, self-esteem is described as â€Å"confidence, self-respect to oneself† and dignity is defined as â€Å"the quality or state of being worthy of esteem or respect†. To me, having self-esteem and dignity means to be proud of yourself and your abilities. This relates to â€Å"Eleanor Roosevelt† because Eleanor learned that when she became more proud and confi... ...n better told if it was Eleanor who was writing the story. She would have described her thoughts and feelings more accurately if she was the writer of the story. I would highly recommend this story to all middle-school age students. Eleanor Roosevelt is a good role model for all students to follow. From Eleanor, students can learn many things such as compassion, determination, and perseverance. Students can learn to work hard for their goals even if obstacles are in their way. Eleanor Roosevelt also teaches compassion when she worked hard at the war effort and said special words to each of the wounded soldiers. In this way, Eleanor brought comfort to the battle-hardened men. Students can also learn the most important theme throughout the story: â€Å"Even with all the pain ad misery in the world, you can turn then into strength and achieve your goals.

The Occupation of Japan During 2nd World War

The occupation of Japan was, from start to finish, an American operation. General Douglans MacArthur, sole supreme commander of the Allied Power was in charge. The Americans had insufficient men to make a military government of Japan possible; so t hey decided to act through the existing Japanese gobernment. General Mac Arthur became, except in name, dictator of Japan. He imposed his will on Japan. Demilitarization was speedily carried out, demobilization of the former imperial forces was complet ed by early 1946. Japan was extensively fire bomded during the second world war. The stench of sewer gas, rotting garbage, and the acrid smell of ashes and scorched debris pervaded the air. The Japanese people had to live in the damp, and col d of the concrete buildings, because they were the only ones left. Little remained of the vulnerable wooden frame, tile roof dwelling lived in by most Japanese. When the first signs of winter set in, the occupation forces immediately took over all the s team-heated buildings. The Japanese were out in the cold in the first post war winter fuel was very hard to find, a family was considered lucky if they had a small barely glowing charcoal brazier to huddle around. That next summer in random spots new ho uses were built, each house was standardized at 216 square feet, and required 2400 board feet of material in order to be built. A master plan for a modernistic city had been drafted, but it was cast aside because of the lack of time before the next winter. The thousands of people who lived in railroad stations and public parks needed housing. All the Japanese heard was democracy from the Americans. All they cared about was food. General MacAruther asked the government to send food, when they refus ed he sent another telegram that said, â€Å"Send me food, or send me bullets.† American troops were forbidden to eat local food, as to keep from cutting from cutting into the sparse local supply. No food was was brought in expressly for the Japanese durning the first six months after the American presence there. Herbert Hoover, serving as chairman of a special presidential advisory committee, recommended minimum imports to Japan of 870,000 tons of food to be distributed in different urban areas. Fi sh, the source of so much of the protein in the Japanese diet, were no longer available in adequate quantities because the fishing fleet, particularly the large vessels, had been badly decimated by the war and because the U.S.S.R. closed off the fishing g rounds in the north. The most important aspect of the democratization policy was the adoption of a new constitution and its supporting legislation. When the Japanese government proved too confused or too reluctant to come up with a constitutional reform that satisfied MacArthur, he had his own staff draft a new constitution in February 1946. This, with only minor changes, was then adopted by the Japanese government in the form of an imperial amendment to the 1889 constitution and went into effect on May 3, 1947. The new Constitution was a perfection of the British parliamentary form of government that the Japanese had been moving toward in the 1920s. Supreme political power was assigned to the Diet. Cabinets were made responsible to the Diet by having the prime minister elected by the lower house. The House of Peers was replaced by an elected House of Councillors. The judicial system was made as independent of executive interference as possible, and a newly created supreme court was given the power to review the constitutionality of laws. Local governments were given greatly increased powers. The Emperor was reduced to being a symbol of the unity of the nation. Japanese began to see him in person. He went to hospitals, schools, mines, industrial plants; he broke ground for public buildings and snipped tape at the opening of gates and highways. He was steered here and there, shown things, and kept muttering, â€Å"Ah so, ah so.† People started to call him â€Å"Ah-so-san.† Suddenly the puybli c began to take this shy, ill-at-ease man to their hearts. They saw in him something of their own conqured selves, force to do what was alien to them. In 1948, in a newspaper poll, Emperior Hirohito was voted the most popular man in Japan. Civil li berties were emphasized, women were given full equality with men. Article 13 and 19 in the new Constitution, prohibits discrimination in political, economic, and social relations because of race, creed, sex, social status, or family origen. This is one of the most explicitly progressive statements on human rights anywhere in law. Gerneral Douglas MacArthur emerged as a radical feminist because he was â€Å"convinced that the place of women in Japan must be brought to a level consistent with that of women in the western democracies.† So the Japanese women got their equal rights amendment long before a concerted effort was made to obtain one in America. Compulsory education was extened to nine years, efforts were made to make education more a traning in thinking than in rote memory, and the school system above the six elementary grades was revised to conform to the American pattern. This last mechanical change produced great confusion and dissatisfaction but became so entrenched that it could not be re vised even after the Americans departed. Japan†s agriculture was the quickest of national activities to recover because of land reform. The Australians came up with the best plan. It was basis was this: There were to be no absentee landlards. A person who actually worked the land could own up to 7.5 arcers. Anyone living in a village near by could keep 2.5 acres. Larger plots of land, exceeding these limits, were bought up by the government and sold on easy terms to former tenants. Within two years 2 million tenants became landowners. The American occupation immediately gained not only a large constituency, for the new owners had a vested interest in preserving the change, but also a psychological momentum for other changes they wanted to ini tiate. The American labor policy in Japan had a double goal: to encourage the growth of democratic unions while keeping them free of communists. Union organization was used as a balance to the power of management. To the surprise of the American authorties, this movement took a decidedly more radical turn. In the desperate economic conditions of early postwar Japan, there was little room for successful bargaining over wages, and many labor unions instead made a bid to take over industry and o perate it in their own behalf. Moreover large numbers of workers in Japan were government employees, such as railroad workers and teachers, whose wages were set not by management but by the government. Direct political action therefore seemed more meani ngful to these people than wage bargaining. The Japanese unions called for a general strike on February 1, 1947. MacArthur warned the union leadership that he would not countenace a nationwide strike. The strike leaders yieled to MacArthur†s will. The re after the political appeal of radical labor action appeared to wane. The Americans wanted to disband the great Zaibatsu trust as a means of reducing Japan†s war-making potential. There were about 15 Zaibatsu families such as – Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Yasuda, and Sumitomo. The Zaibatsu controled the industry of Japan. MacArthur†s liaison men pressured the Diet into passing the Deconcentration Law in December 1947. In the eyes of most Japanese this law was designed to cripple Japanese business and i ndustry forever. The first step in breaking up the Zaibatsu was to spread their ownership out among the people and to prevent the old owners from ever again exercising control. The stocks of all the key holding companies were to be sold to the public. Friends of the old Zaibatsu bought the stock. In the long run the Zaibatsu were not exactly destroyed, but a few were weakened and others underwent a considerable shuffle. The initial period of the occupation from 1945 to 1948 was marked by reform, the second phase was one of stabilization. Greater attention was given to improvement of the economy. Japan was a heavy expense to the United States. The ordered breakup of the Zaibatsu was slowed down. The union movement continued to grow, to the ult imate benefit of the worker. Unremitting pressure on employers brought swelling wages, which meant the steady expansion of Japan domestic consumer market. This market was a major reason for Japan†s subsequent economic boom. Another boom to the economy was the Korean War which proved to be a blessing in disguise. Japan became the main staging area for military action in Korea and went on a war boom economy with out having to fight in or pay for a war. The treaty of peace with Japan was signed at San Francisco in September 1951 by Japan, the United States, and forty-seven other nations. The Soviet Union refused to sign it. The treaty went into effect in April 1952, officially terminating the United States military occupation and restoring full independence. What is extraordinary in the Occupation and its aftermath was the insignificance of the unpleasant. For the Japanese, the nobility of American ideals and the essential benignity of the American presence assuaged much of the bitterness and anguish of defeat. For the Americans, the joys of promoting peace and democracy triumphed over the attendant fustrations and grievances. Consequently, the Occupation served to lay down a substantial capital of good will on which both America and Jap an would draw in the years ahead.

50 Fun Things to Do in Supermarket

50 Fun Things To Do In A Supermarket 1. Take shopping carts for the express purpose of filling them and stranding them at strategic locations. 2. Ride those little electronic cars at the front of the store. 3. Set all the alarm clocks to go off at ten minute intervals throughout the day. 4. Start playing Calvinball; see how many people you can get to join in. 5. Contaminate the entire auto department by sampling all the spray air fresheners. 6. Challenge other customers to duels with tubes of gift wrap. 7. Leave cryptic messages on the typewriters. 8. Re-dress the mannequins as you see fit. 9.When there are people behind you, walk REALLY SLOW, especially thin narrow aisles. 10. Walk up to an employee and tell him in an official tone, â€Å"I think we've got a Code 3 in Housewares,† and see what happens. 11. Tune all the radios to a polka station; then turn them all off and turn the volumes to â€Å"10†. 12. Play with the automatic doors. 13. Walk up to complete stranger s and say, â€Å"Hi! I haven't seen you in so long!†¦ † etc. See if they play along to avoid embarrassment. 14. While walking through the clothing department, ask yourself loud enough for all to hear, â€Å"Who BUYS this junk, anyway? â€Å"15. Repeat Number 14 in the jewelry department. 6. Ride a display bicycle through the store; claim you're taking it for a â€Å"test drive. † 17. Follow people through the aisles, always staying about five feet away. Continue to do this until they leave the department. 18. Play soccer with a group of friend, using the entire store as your playing field. 19. As the cashier runs your purchases over the scanner, look mesmerized and say, â€Å"Wow. Magic! † 20. Put M;M's on layaway. 21. Move â€Å"Caution: Wet Floor† signs to carpeted areas. 22. Set up a tent in the camping department; tell others you'll only invite them in if they bring pillows from Bed and Bath. 23.Test the fishing rods and see what you can  "catch† from the other aisles. 24. Ask other customers if they have any Grey Poupon. 25. Drape a blanket around your shoulders and run around saying, â€Å"†¦ I'm Batman. Come, Robin–to the Batcave! † 26. TP as much of the store as possible. 27. Randomly throw things over into neighboring aisles. 28. Play with the calculators so that they all spell â€Å"hello† upside down. 29. When someone asks if you need help, begin to cry and ask, â€Å"Why won't you people just leave me alone? † 30. When two or three people are walking ahead of you, run between them, yelling, â€Å"Red Rover! 31. Make up nonsense products and ask newly hired employees if there are any in stock, i. e. , â€Å"Do you have any Shnerples here? † 32. Take up an entire aisle in Toys by setting up a full scale battlefield with G. I. Joes vs. the X-Men. 33. Take bets on the battle described above. 34. Nonchalantly â€Å"test† the brushes and combs in Cosmetics. 35. Hold indoor shopping cart races. 36. Dart around suspiciously while humming the theme from Mission: Impossible. † 37. Attempt to fit into very large gym bags. 38. Attempt to fit others into very large gym bags. 39.Say things like, â€Å"Would you be so kind as to direct me to your Twinkies? † 40. Set up a â€Å"Valet Parking† sign in front of the store. 41. Two words: â€Å"Marco Polo. † 42. Leave Cheerios in Lawn and Garden, pillows in the pet food aisle, etc. 43. â€Å"Re-alphabetize† the CD's in Electronics. 44. When someone steps away from their cart to look at something, quickly make off with it without saying a word. 45. Relax in the patio furniture until you get kicked out. 46. When an announcement comes over the loudspeaker, assume the fetal position and scream, â€Å"No, no! It's those voices again! 47.Pay off layaways fifty cents at a time. 48. Drag a lounge chair on display over to the magazines and relax. If the store has a food court, buy a soft drink; explain that you don't get out much, and ask if they can put a little umbrella in it. 49. Hmm†¦ only 48 things so far 50. Naaawwww, go in the next supermarket and ask an employee for the 2 Missing fun things to do in his supermarket. 51. Submitted by Eeyore002: Get you some popcorn and a comfy seat and plant yourself in the movie section and watch whatever movie is on, if you can't conquer the VCR's control

Chinese Flowers and Their Meanings

Chinese Flowers and Their Meanings Chinese flowers are a recurring theme in Chinese art and poetry. But without understanding the floriography -   the meanings associated with certain flowers  - the symbolism could go over your head. While some flowers represent seasons or months, others have symbolic meanings based on their Chinese names. Learn the importance of flowers in Chinese culture along with symbolism and taboos associated with some Chinese flowers. Iris On lunar May 5,  Irises  are hung over doors to repel evil spirits. The flower is also a symbol of spring, and eating them is said to prolong ones life. Magnolia Magnolias were once so precious, that only Chinese emperors were allowed to own them. They have also been used in Chinese medicine. Today, magnolias represent beauty. Peony Peonies are the flower of spring, also known as the queen of flowers. The flowers symbolize fame and wealth. Red peonies are the most desired and valuable, while white peonies symbolize young, witty, beautiful girls. Lotus The lotus is a flower that is steeped in Buddhist symbolism and is considered one of the eight precious things in the Buddhist faith. It symbolizes purity and coming out of mire unsullied.  The lotus is said to bloom in Beijing on lunar April 8, which is the Buddha’s birthday, and on lunar January 8, which is lotus day. The lotus is known as the gentlemans flower because it grows out from the mud, pure and unstained. It is taboo for a woman to sew in January, as she may have menstrual trouble, according to Chinese culture. Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemums  are one of the most  common flowers in China and are symbolic of autumn and of the ninth lunar month. The Chinese word for chrysanthemum is similar to  jÃ… «, which means to remain and jiǔ  which means long time. Therefore, chrysanthemums  symbolize duration and long life. Hibiscus The  hibiscus  is a popular Chinese flower that symbolizes fame, riches, glory, and splendor. The flower also can symbolize the fleeting beauty of fame or personal glory and is given as a gift to both women and men. Lily In Chinese culture, lilies are supposed to bring sons to a family; as a result, they are often given to women on their wedding day or on birthdays. The Chinese word for lily sounds like  bÇŽi hà ©, which is part of the proverb bÇŽinin hÇŽo hà ©, which means happy union for one hundred years. The flower is considered a good gift for all occasions and are said to help people forget their troubles. Orchid The orchid symbolizes love and beauty and can be a symbol of a married couple. The flower also represents wealth and fortune, and when placed in a vase, orchids symbolize unity. Other Flower Symbolism In addition to flowers and plants having their own symbolism, the color of a flower can also give it a special meaning in Chinese culture. For example, pink and red are colors of celebration, good luck, and happiness, while white is the color of death and ghosts. Sources Hibiscus Flower Meaning | Flower Meaning. (n.d.).  flowermeaning.com/hibiscus-flower-meaning/.

Academic freedom in Australia Essays

Academic freedom in Australia Essays Academic freedom in Australia Essay Academic freedom in Australia Essay Academic freedom in Australia: a suzerain province? On 24 September, 2013 Deakin University became one of merely four Australian universities with a dedicated policy on academic freedom. The rules and doctrine of academic freedom have been long †¦ What is it about our universities that makes etc What is the province of dissent in Australian universities? This inquiry is surprisingly hard to reply. There is rather a batch of dissent expressed in both professional and public fora, with no troubles anticipated or encountered ; at the same clip, there is rather a batch of suppression and suppression of dissent. There are a figure of ways to near the issue. One attack is to look at policies and official statements about academic freedom. Martin 2002 ; 7 The right to rational freedom and the responsibility of universities non to interfere with that right is a difficult won and long held tradition and is recognised by the most Enterprise Agreements in Australian universities consequently. Academic and rational freedom in the university scene is a negative right or autonomy to print and pass on freely. This imposes a negative responsibility on the university - that is, a responsibility non to interfere in academic freedom of address. [ 1 ] In a study of all 39 Australian universities and their endeavor understandings in 2001, Jackson found that while about half made some mention to academic freedom in their understandings, approximately one tierce contained elaborate clauses on academic freedom. At one terminal of the study, the University of Adelaide understanding contained an extended academic freedom clause, associating academic freedom to professionalism and duty, at the other Deakin University had no academic freedom clause at all, along with half the universities in the state. Jackson observes, nevertheless, that the move to integrate some look of committedness to academic freedom had begun and that by 2003 both the University of Sydney and the University of Melbourne had expansive clauses recognizing academic freedom, the latter committing to defending the academic freedom of all staff and pupils to prosecute in critical enquiry, rational discourse and public contention without fright or favour. [ 2 ] As Jackson indicates, endeavor understandings were non the lone beginning of committedness to the dogmas of academic freedom, with a figure of establishments enshrining it in codifications of behavior. In 2001, the Southern Cross UniversityCode of Conductwent every bit far as showing academic freedom as a warrant: The University shall: ( a ) Guarantee academic freedom of both enquiry and look provided such enquiry and look does non conflict applicable State or Commonwealth statute law ( such as calumny and privateness Torahs ) and provided that if differences arise, the University s difference declaration patterns are observed. [ 3 ] Since August, 2012 the Southern Cross University appears to hold resiled from such a warrant. While the university’s newCode of Conductupholds the right of its staff to take part and freely prosecute in public argument, it does so with considerable making. Such engagement must now associate directly to the academic or other specialized capable country of an employee’s country of expertness, the officer may utilize the University’s name and reference and give the rubric of his or her University assignment in order to set up his or her credentials. [ 4 ] In relation to public remark, most of the universities cited in contained clauses that sought a balance between the right to academic freedom and a duty to show that freedom within the bounds of academic expertness and without bias to the university. Griffith University’sCode of Conductprovinces: This Code does non take away from the academic freedom of staff of the University. As a staff member you are encouraged to prosecute critical and unfastened enquiry and engage in constructive unfavorable judgment on affairs of public concern within your country of expertise. [ 5 ] This is the tenor of the diction in most understandings citing academic freedom and In 2012 all but two Australian universities - the University of Notre Dame and the University of Southern Queensland - have substantial clauses of rational freedom. The jurisprudence associating to academic freedom in Australia In a landmark instance in February 2001, a University of Wollongong academic Ted Steele was summarily dismissed for talking out against ( what he claimed were ) falling criterions due to the soft marking’ he was instructed to use by university disposal. In the Steele Case’ , the University was pursued to the Federal Court for unjust dismissal by the National Tertiary Education Union ( NTEU ) . The full bench of the Federal Court ruled in Steele’s favour the undermentioned twelvemonth and the faculty member was reinstated ( before making a colony with the university ) . While the argument around academic freedom had in fact raged diversely throughout the state during the 50 old ages prior, the Steele instance became a landmark in the defense mechanism of academic freedom in Australia and, significantly, a trial for how a dismissal, perceived as an onslaught on academic freedom and free address, can backlash on a university disposal. [ 6 ] Following the Steele instance, the NTEU escalated its lobbying of the Commonwealth authorities to present legislative protection for academic freedom for Australian universities. This instance - and a figure of abuses on academic freedom Senate Standing Committee on Education, Employment and Workplace Relations ( SSCEEWR ) Inquiry into Academic Freedom in the 2nd half of 2008 In Australia, the Senate Standing Committee on Education, Employment and Workplace Relations ( SSCEEWR ) conducted an Inquiry into Academic Freedom in the 2nd half of 2008. The enquiry had been established in the deceasing yearss of the Coalition-controlled Senate in late June 2008. On 4 December the Inquiry released its study. A study of such an enquiry normally has the same rubric as the Inquiry itself. In a intimation of its findings, this study bears the rubric Allegations of academic prejudice in universities and schools’ ( SSCEEWR 2008 ) . Gelber 2008 The NTEU re-defined rational freedom to include: the rights of all staff and pupils of higher instruction establishments to take part in determination devising procedures and constructions within their establishment, including the right to show sentiments about the operations of that establishment and higher instruction policy more generally. [ 7 ] Macquarie University Jackson makes the of import point that while a codification is non contractual an statement might be made that a codification making or attesting positive rights such as academic freedom would make an estoppel †¦ . Damaging trust by an academic on the codification would do it conscienceless for the university to disregard the statements in the code. [ 8 ] This instance - inter alia - and serious lobbying by the NTEU precipitated a move by the so Labor Government to amend theHigher Education Support Act 2003in 2011.The amendments were to include expressed mention in its objects to the publicity and protection of free rational enquiry in acquisition, instruction and research and to bind support of universities to a committedness to have policy upholding free rational enquiry in relation to acquisition, instruction and research ( s.19.115 ) . The Act now requires all higher instruction suppliers to conform to the amendments ( s.19.115 of the Act ) in order to run into the Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency ( TEQSA ) ’s supplier enrollment criterions for continued support. Academic freedom and Victorian universities A study of Victoria’s eight universities by the Deakin University Policy Office indicates all have in topographic point endeavor understandings incorporating commissariats for rational freedom. These commissariats are translated diversely to other policy places across the universities. All but the University of Melbourne contain their in agreement statements on academic freedom within their Media policies. The University of Melbourne addresses the issue of academic freedom within a specific policy on Academic Freedom of Expression. RMIT University, Monash University and Deakin University provide for academic freedom in both their media policies and codifications of behavior. All but the University of Melbourne contain a statement back uping academic freedom with the caution that such freedom must be exercised within an academic’s country of expertness. The universities vary in their application of limitations on other facets of communicating from within the university. The University of MelbourneAcademic Freedom of Expressionpolicy goes good beyond the commissariats of its endeavor understanding, saying obviously the express right of all bookmans at the University to seek for truth and to keep and show diverse opinions. It stresses that such look should be robust and uninhibited and recognises besides that bookmans are entitled to show their thoughts and sentiments even when making so may do offence. The University of MelbourneAcademic Freedom of Expressionpolicy does do a statement of academic duty but without prohibition. The policy stresses that scholars may keep their ain positions and talk freely on all subjects, even outside their expertness, and even placing themselves as members of the University. The policy requests merely that faculty members express themselves reasonably and in good faith and that discourse entered into should be in accord with the rules of academic and research moralss, where applicable. The policy concludes: The University recognises that these rules may change harmonizing to the context in which the discourse occurs. The University of Melbourne Collective Agreement 2010 captures rational freedom merely in its cardinal rules, but is already more expansive than any other Australian university: Intellectual freedom means the freedom of academic staff, and, to the extent consistent with their employment duties and function, professional staff, to prosecute in critical enquiry, rational discourse and public contention without fright or favor, but does non include the right to hassle, intimidate or vilify. Mentions Griffith University. Code of Conduct. hypertext transfer protocol: //policies.griffith.edu.au/pdf/Code % 20of % 20Conduct.pdf. Jackson, J.G. Express Rights to Academic Freedom in Australian Public University Employment. Southern Cross University Law Review 9 ( 2005 ) : 107-45. Martin, Brian. Dilemmas of Defending Dissent: The Dismissal of Ted Steele from the University of Wollongong. The Australian Universities Review 45, no. 2 ( 2002 ) : 7-17. National Tertiary Education Union. NTEU Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs Inquiry into Whistle-Blower Protections within the Australian Government Public Sector. Canberrra: National Tertiary Education Union. , 2008. Southern Cross University. Code of Conduct. hypertext transfer protocol: //policies.scu.edu.au/view.current.php? id=00030 # maj13. 1

History of Yugoslavia - Overview

History of Yugoslavia - Overview Location of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia was located in the Balkan region of Europe, to the east of Italy. The Origins of Yugoslavia There have been three federations of Balkan nations called Yugoslavia. The first originated in the aftermath of the Balkan Wars and World War One. At the end of the nineteenth century, the two empires which previously dominated the region – Austria-Hungary and the Ottomans – began to undergo changes and retreats respectively, sparking discussion among intellectuals and political leaders about the creation of a united South Slav nation. The question of who would dominate this was a matter of contention, be it a Greater Serbia or a Greater Croatia. The origins of Yugoslavia may partly lay in the Illyrian Movement of the mid-nineteenth century. As World War I raged in 1914, the Yugoslav Committee was formed in Rome by Balkan exiles in order to come up with and agitate for a solution to a key question: what states would be created if the Allies of Britain, France and Serbia managed to defeat the Austro-Hungarians, especially as Serbia looked on the verge of destruction. In 1915 the committee moved to London, where it had an effect on allied politicians far greater than its size. Although funded by Serbian money, the committee – comprised mainly of Slovenes and Croats – was against a Greater Serbia, and argued for an equal union, although they conceded that as Serbia was the state which did exist, and which had the apparatus for government, the new South Slav state would have to coalesce around it. In 1917, a rival South Slav group formed from deputies in the Austro-Hungarian government, who argued for a union of Croats, Slovenes, and Serbs in a newly reworked, and federated, Austrian led empire. The Serbs and the Yugoslav Committee then went further, signing an agreement to push for the creation of an independent Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes under the Serb kings, including land currently in Austria-Hungary. As the latter collapsed under the pressures of war, A National Council of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was declared to rule Austria-Hungary’s former Slavs, and this pushed for a union with Serbia. This decision was taken in no small part to rid the area of marauding bands of Italians, deserters and Habsburg troops. The Allies agreed to the creation of a combined South Slav state and basically told the rival groups to form one. Negotiations followed, in which the National Council gave in to Serbia and the Yugoslav Committee, allowing Prince Aleksander to declare the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes on December 1st, 1918. At this point, the devastated and disjointed region was only held together by the army, and bitter rivalry had to be damped down before borders were set, a new government was formed in 1921, and a new constitution was voted in (although the latter only just occurred after many deputies walked out in opposition.) In addition, in 1919 the Communist party of Yugoslavia formed, which received a large number of votes, refused to join the chamber, committed assassinations and got itself banned. The First Kingdom Ten years of political infighting between the many different parties followed, largely because the kingdom was dominated by Serbs, who had expanded their governing structures to run it, rather than by anything new. Consequently, King Aleksander I shut the parliament and created a royal dictatorship. He renamed the country Yugoslavia, (literally ‘Land of the South Slavs’) and created new regional divisions to try and negate the growing nationalist rivalries. Alexander was assassinated on October 9th, 1934 while visiting Paris, by an Ustasha affiliate. This left Yugoslavia governed by a regency for the eleven-year-old Crown Prince Petar. War and the Second Yugoslavia This first Yugoslavia lasted until the Second World War when Axis forces invaded in 1941. The Regency had been moving closer to Hitler, but an anti-Nazi coup brought the government down and the wrath of Germany onto them. War ensued, but not one as simple as pro-Axis versus anti-Axis, as communist, nationalist, royalist, fascist and other factions all fought in what was effectively a civil war. The three key groups were the fascist Utsasha, the royalist Chetniks and the communist Partisans. As the Second World War was concluded it was the Partisans lead by Tito – backed at the end by Red Army units - who emerged in control, and a second Yugoslavia was formed: this was a federation of six republics, each supposedly equal – Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Slovenia, Macedonia, and Montenegro - as well as two autonomous provinces within Serbia: Kosovo and Vojvodina. Once the war was won, mass executions and purges targeted collaborators and enemy fighters. Tito’s state was initially highly centralized and allied to the USSR, and Tito and Stalin argued, but the former survived and forged his own path, devolving power and gaining assistance from western powers. He was, if not universally regarded, then at least for a time admired for the way Yugoslavia was progressing, but it was Western aid – designed to keep him away from Russia – that probably saved the country. The political history of the Second Yugoslavia is basically a struggle between the centralized government and the demands for devolved powers for the member units, a balancing act that produced three constitutions and multiple changes over the period. By the time of Tito’s death, Yugoslavia was essentially hollow, with deep economic problems and barely concealed nationalisms, all held together by the cult of Tito’s personality and the party. Yugoslavia may well have collapsed under him had he lived. War and the Third Yugoslavia Throughout his rule, Tito had to tie the federation together against growing nationalism. After his death, these forces began to increase rapidly and tore Yugoslavia apart. As Slobodan Milosevic took control first of Serbia and then the collapsing Yugoslavia’s military, dreaming of a Greater Serbia, Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence to escape him. Yugoslav and Serbian military attacks in Slovenia failed quickly, but the war was more protracted in Croatia, and longer still in Bosnia after it also declared independence. The bloody wars, filled with ethnic cleansing, were mostly over by the end of 1995, leaving Serbia and Montenegro as a rump Yugoslavia. There was war again in 1999 as Kosovo agitated for independence, and a change in leadership in 2000, when Milosevic was finally removed from power, saw Yugoslavia gain wider international acceptance again. With Europe afraid that a Montenegrin push for independence would cause a new war, leaders produced a new federation plan, resulting in the dissolution of what remained of Yugoslavia and the creation of ‘Serbia and Montenegro’. The country had ceased to exist. Key People from the History of Yugoslavia King Alexander / Aleksander I 1888 - 1934Born to the King of Serbia, Alexander lived some of his youth in exile before leading Serbia as regent during World War 1. He was key in declaring the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, becoming king in 1921. However, years of frustration at the political infighting made him declare a dictatorship in early 1929, creating Yugoslavia. He tried to bind the disparate groups in his country together but was assassinated while visiting France in 1934. Josip Broz Tito 1892 – 1980Tito led the communist partisans fighting in Yugoslavia during World War 2 and emerged as the leader of the new second Yugoslavian federation. He held the country together and was notable for differing markedly with the USSR, which dominated the other communist nations of Eastern Europe. After his death, nationalism tore Yugoslavia apart.

African-Americans Struggle to End Segregation Research Paper

African-Americans Struggle to End Segregation - Research Paper Example The issue of racial inequality that typecast African Americans through time continues to be controversial in nature and perspectives. Diverse scholars, historians and philosophers have delved into the historical travails of African Americans since these people have felt not only isolation, but the more drastic prejudice and discrimination due to color and roots of existence. The rich legacy of the story of struggles and triumphs of this race in American history is, in itself, a remarkable feat. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to provide an opportunity to analyze a major social, economic, military, and technological issue since the Civil War, trace its significance over time, and examine the ways in which it contributed to an â€Å"ending of isolation† in the United States. Accordingly, a central theme of this course is the â€Å"end of isolation† which the textbook describes in relationship to technology, politics, military, culture, and society. At times, the ending of isolation has resulted of periods of tension and struggle. In this regard, the essay will describe the historical context of each question within the topic and trace the significance of this issue over time from 1865 to the present. Further, the discourse would present an assessment of the challenges involved in the ending of this isolation, as well as the key people involved in the struggles. The essay would hereby proffer pertinent highlights of African American’s pursuit and determination.... Further, the discourse would present an assessment of the challenges involved in the ending of this isolation, as well as the key people involved in the struggles. The essay would hereby proffer pertinent highlights of African American’s pursuit and determination in ending of isolation through time. Historical Background August (2009) has clearly indicated that to understand racial inequality, there is a need to trace the roots of oppression in America. As averred, â€Å"race and racial inequality have powerfully shaped American history from its beginnings. Americans like to think of the founding of the American colonies and, later, the United States, as driven by the quest for freedom – initially, religious liberty and later political and economic liberty. Yet, from the start, American society was equally founded on brutal forms of domination, inequality and oppression which involved the absolute denial of freedom for slaves† (August, 2009, p. 1). The mindset of the white race typecast African Americans then, as slaves, and therefore inferior and subordinate. Lawson (2010) emphasized that â€Å"racial segregation was a system derived from the efforts of white Americans to keep African Americans in a subordinate status by denying them equal access to public facilities and ensuring that blacks lived apart from whites† (Lawson, 2010, par. 1). As expounded, before the Civil Rights movement, African Americans were geographically located only in the Northern and Upper Southern parts of the United States. Further, there was a Supreme Court ruling under â€Å"Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) that African Americans were not U.S. citizens, northern whites had excluded blacks from seats on public

Bacteriocins and Their Impact on Our Lives and Agriculture Article

Bacteriocins and Their Impact on Our Lives and Agriculture - Article Example Andre Gratia was the first to uncover the inhibition property of bacteriocins in a compound he named colicin v, which was released by a virulent strain of E.coli bacteria. In 1954, Pierre Frederic uncovered the genetic determinates of colicin, as a conjugation transmissible element that is similar to the F factor. Since then a host of bacteriocins have been discovered, and our understanding of the usefulness of bacteriocins moves forward (Scienceray, 2012). Bacteriocins Bacteriocins are a constituent of the wide array of microbial defense systems. All bacteria produce bacteriocins (Riley & Chavan, 2007). These bacteriocins are proteinaceous compounds, which are lethal to bacteria other than the releasing strain. The spectrum of antibacterial activity can vary from narrow spectrum, with confined inhibition of closely related bacterial species or broad to include several of the other bacterial species (Joerger, 2003). Bacteriocins from gram positive bacteria are associated with the bro ader range of antibacterial range of activity. While initial studies were focused on colicins from E-coli and the bacteriocins from other gram negative bacteria, the current focus of studies on bacteriocins is on the bacteriocins from the gram positive bacteria, as they are assumed to have more application in humans and in foods and other products (Chen & Hoover, 2003). At first glance there may be a tendency to classify the bacteriocins as an extension of the traditional peptide antibiotics, because they are synthesized peptides. Yet, they are different, and it is in the essence of this difference that their utility lies. Unlike peptide antibiotics, which are synthesized by enzymes bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized peptides. In addition, while typical antibiotics are active against a broad range of bacteria, bacteriocins have a narrow range of activity within its own bacteria species or closely related bacteria species. Furthermore, there is an important and unique differenc e in the potency. Within its narrow range of antibacterial activity it is potent in nanomolar concentrations, while in the case of antibiotics a much higher concentration is required for potent antibiotic activity. Though the initial origins and studies on bacteriocins pertain to those produced by gram negative bacteria, the current research on bacteriocins focuses more on the bacteriocins produced by gram positive bacteria, because of the greater potential utility seen in them. Any evaluation of bacteriocins produced by gram positive bacteria is best undertaken by studying them as two groups, namely the heat-stable lantibiotics and the nonmodified heat-stable bacteriocins (Nes, 2011). Bacteriocins from the gram positive lactobacillus are the most investigated group of bacteriocins. Class – I of these bacteriocins consist of the lantibiotics, which are heat stable. They comprise of post-transitionally modified peptides, having multiple rings, bridged by lanthiones or methylla nthionine residues (Zendo & Sonomoto, 2011). Class I bacteriocins are further

Managing and Developing the Human Resources Research Paper

Managing and Developing the Human Resources - Research Paper Example Dickens (1994) contends that the business case for managing diversity offers a way to operate equal opportunities as a strategic issue, a core value linked to organisational competitiveness. In order to improve quality and remain competitive a number of organisations have started offering qualification levels required for better acceptability in the industry. For example, McDonald's has been given the authorisation to award their own qualifications equivalent to GCSEs, A levels and degrees, in subjects like fast-food restaurant management (BBC, 2008). Network Rail and Flybe are the other companies which have been granted such permission by Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA), to confer degrees and diplomas for preparing the workforce for a competitive tomorrow (Woolcock and Elliott, 2008). These are some of the pointers towards the increasing realisation that acquiring and upgrading the skills is not only very important for competitive strength of the company, but it is equ ally crucial for the individual to remain relevant to the industry. This study is, therefore, an effort to analyse the HR scenario in general and how the UK is preparing the human resources for a better and competitive tomorrow. Irrespective of the nature and specialisation of the company, it can be said for sure that, 'people' form the core of its activities and therefore, the behaviour and character of these very 'people' will affect the overall character of the organisation. The performance level of this workforce depends upon the types of motivations provided by the organisation. It is therefore quite logical to say that Human Resource Management is a very crucial and an integral part of any organization.  

Network Access Using Correct Credentials Coursework - 1

Network Access Using Correct Credentials - Coursework Example Additionally, other abnormal computers like automatic dialing the internet may also be an indicator. Further, use of keyloggers can be essential in keeping a log of the number of times your account has been accessed. However, copying of small files may not increase network activity significantly so it may be hard to detect. Furthermore, shared folders are freely accessible on the network without the use of a password. The situation discussed above differs from packet sniffing. In it, there is no software required to access the folders as they are already shared and the password is also known. Additionally, packet sniffing is an illegal practice of intercepting network traffic to and from a computer on a network. The limit of what may be accessed through both of these methods is also different. While packet sniffing can access everything sent over the network, the above scenario does not include such capabilities. Using password to access a local computer is much easier than packet sniffing. The situation in question 2 is real and very likely in a work situation. Numerous cases of employees stealing information from their colleagues have been reported. One simple way for protection in such case is the change of password. Changing passwords constantly will ensure that someone has difficulty ever using your password to access your computer. Another method is by use of the firewall. A firewall may be a hardware or a software program which restricts unauthorized external access to a local machine or an internal network. Additionally, a review of which folders and files to share and which not to share is also important. The designers who had their systems attacked by a worm and their designs stolen would have known of this intrusion and subsequent theft of designs. An antivirus software installed on the computer is one sure way for such detection.  

Contemporary management and value chain analysis at China Telecom Essay

Contemporary management and value chain analysis at China Telecom - Essay Example This is a significant accomplish for an organisation that must operate in a dynamic, competitive, and price sensitive environment whilst also managing multiple international cultures in its many divisions that operate globally in Asia, North America, and Australia. China Telecom is able to maintain a cost leadership position among competition by maximizing its supply chain and replenishment planning software, thus providing not only efficiency in service delivery but total price value in a region of the world that is willing to defect to other brands based on price sensitivity (Boone and Kurtz 2007). China is a collectivist culture, meaning that individuals in society value group membership and the establishment of group-minded goals with little emphasis on individuality common to Western consumers (Hofstede 2012). Because of this, word of mouth advertising and appealing to group-minded consciousness in the target market requires the organisation to be aware of pricing models compare d to competitors as well as pricing that will ensure long-term brand loyalty. Even though China Telecom is a fixed line service provider as the primary service and product, the business recognises trends in social culture and therefore has adopted a model of innovation and modernisation. Growth in Internet usage in the country of China exceeds the growth rates of the rest of the world and China Telecom continues to evolve its wireless Internet options therefore diversifying business practices and divisional competencies. Table 1 illustrates the growth in Chinese consumer Internet usage over a 10 year period. However, in order to effectively manage these innovations, the business must focus on cross-cultural management, engage in transformational management, continue to decentralise business divisions and leadership, as well as conduct routine quality assurance/auditing practices as part of strategic management and risk management models. Table 1 Source: www internetworldstats.com (2 010). China Telecom continues to be a leader in supply chain management allowing the firm to maximize its total brand value and price value components in its business and profitability models. The organization utilises manufacturing and distribution from ZTE, Comba Telecom, SimTech, UT Starcom, and Grentech (Meng 2009). China currently maintains an unfavourable exchange rate with the rest of the Westernised world, therefore it procures its products domestically to ensure yuan exchange and thus maximizing profit. This also avoids tariff costs for importing mobile devices and service provision information technology equipment. In order to maximize efficiencies in supply, China Telecom must be strategic-focused and work with collaborative supply chain systems to ensure partnerships and efficient distribution networks for purchasing needs. Outside of the financial and managerial aspects of total value chain considerations, China Telecom maintains many strengths in relation to corporate social responsibility and understanding how to develop cultural awareness to create a unified and loyal corporate culture. In May of 2012, China Telecom was awarded the Best Managed Company in Asia by FinanceAsia, a respected financial and management consulting company (China Telecom 2012). China Telecom received this award for its

Network Access Using Correct Credentials Coursework - 1

Network Access Using Correct Credentials - Coursework Example Additionally, other abnormal computers like automatic dialing the internet may also be an indicator. Further, use of keyloggers can be essential in keeping a log of the number of times your account has been accessed. However, copying of small files may not increase network activity significantly so it may be hard to detect. Furthermore, shared folders are freely accessible on the network without the use of a password. The situation discussed above differs from packet sniffing. In it, there is no software required to access the folders as they are already shared and the password is also known. Additionally, packet sniffing is an illegal practice of intercepting network traffic to and from a computer on a network. The limit of what may be accessed through both of these methods is also different. While packet sniffing can access everything sent over the network, the above scenario does not include such capabilities. Using password to access a local computer is much easier than packet sniffing. The situation in question 2 is real and very likely in a work situation. Numerous cases of employees stealing information from their colleagues have been reported. One simple way for protection in such case is the change of password. Changing passwords constantly will ensure that someone has difficulty ever using your password to access your computer. Another method is by use of the firewall. A firewall may be a hardware or a software program which restricts unauthorized external access to a local machine or an internal network. Additionally, a review of which folders and files to share and which not to share is also important. The designers who had their systems attacked by a worm and their designs stolen would have known of this intrusion and subsequent theft of designs. An antivirus software installed on the computer is one sure way for such detection.  

Interoffice memorandum Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interoffice memorandum - Assignment Example Mr. Forest emphasized that the clients served from the Roanoke branch are vital to the overall success of Phoenix Advertising. In this regard, may I request the following team members to give me relevant information to address these issues: Executive Team Member Information Needed Mr. Frank Rodgers Profile of Personnel Resigning and Reasons Branch Manager, Human Resources What have been done to replace them? Roanoke, Virginia The number of creative talents in the Branch Compensation and Benefits Package Ms. Emily Smith Number of New and Current Accounts Manager, Advertising Projected Revenues and Time Frame Roanoke, Virginia for Completion Mr. Benjamin White Financial Statements of Phoenix Advertising Manager, Finance Compensation and Benefits Package The abovementioned team members are requested to forward the information needed tomorrow afternoon to me through a detailed report with clear alternative courses of action and proposed recommendations to address the identified dilemma.

Case Management Essay Example for Free

Case Management Essay Workflow, Business Process Management and the management of Unstructured Documents Plethora of unstructured documents such as text documents, spreadsheets, images, XML components, videos, podcasts, email messages that exists around in a large enterprise and it represents the enterprise’s information assets. The problem is that in today’s competitive environment there is an ever increasing generation and use of unstructured electronic documents. It has become highly imperative that there has to be an enterprise wide lifecycle management of these documents which can enable the workers to access the documents in a relative business context. Many product companies and experts dealing in the area of content management and business process management have proposed that a semantic relation is to be derived between documents and business domain. Thus, the semantic network that eventually gets formed will result in efficient search and filtering of these unstructured documents. Types of data: Structured and unstructured data People use and create unstructured data on daily basis. Although they may not be aware, people create, store, retrieve unstructured data in the form of emails, word documents, excel spreadsheets and other forms. The unstructured content has no data type as such so it requires human intervention to tag the data with some relevant keywords and meta tags so that it can be read by machines and applications. Structured data is also being used by people and such data is easily managed by technology being allowed for querying and reporting as the data type is predetermined and relationships are explicit. There are two categories of unstructured data: 1) Bitmap Objects: Images, videos, audio and other non-language based files 2) Textual Objects: Word documents, Spreadsheets, Emails and other written or printed language documents Most of these object types can’t be tapped easily to extract relevant information by technology or methodology as technology today can only address textual objects. With the advent of technologies like Enterprise Content Management (ECM), it has become possible to address unstructured data. Data mining and other analysis tools exist to query and analyze structured data. However, the challenge remains in bringing both the worlds of structured and unstructured data together. Once when they are brought together is when the most value can be derived and gained but this is where the highest level of challenge exists. Few challenges are listed below: 1) Irrespective of having the data in a word document format it may not be consumable from a semantic level perspective 2) A compatible technology may not be able to give insight in to the context of the information unless it is read 3) The way we interpret is largely subjective Organizational Challenges Today the organizations are inherently complex in structure and the departments are loosely connected while they work in isolation. They only come together when there is a need which leads to an internally disconnected approach. These large organizations need to be responsive to the customer and market needs. In order to be responsive they need to be agile and flexible when it comes to leveraging their matrix management structure as a whole. This can pose some long term as well as short term challenges. The path to overcome these challenges is to have follow business process which entail the entire organizations. In most organizations, wherever the business processes exist they tend to be isolated to a specific department and are usually manual. This leads to manifestation of various management and operational challenges. Some of the consequences that come up due to these challenges are listed below: 1) Due to inaccurate and untimely information generated as a result of isolated units of an organization, it becomes difficult for management and employees to take correct decisions 2) As information may not be aligned to business context or a business process it may lead to inconsistent decisions 3) Broken or incomplete workflows lead to generation of inconsistent and poor information 4) IT systems may act as inhibitors even if they support business processes when they lack system integration that would hide a single view of the information 5) Strict business rules, policies and procedures can lead to delay in fetching important information Organization and business process alignment These hurdles and challenges which the organization faces are due to factors such as inflexible procedures, legacy infrastructure, orthodox management which include: 1) Manual approach even when business processes and frameworks exist 2) IT enablers found in departments and functional silos making information sharing and gathering labour intensive and tedious 3) IT and other infrastructure is maintained centrally which may not provide quick solutions and service to meet the requirement of internal users 4) As organization is dependent on vendors or contractors for maintenance, support and development of IT and other infrastructure it raises issues of managing changes by themselves. Organizations need to orient themselves around process rather than functionally. They have the necessary infrastructure and technology in place but the challenge is to align all of it together using business processes. Aligning the organization to business processes and automating the same will help in solving decision making bottlenecks and will integrate functions, departments, core systems to deliver measurable business value. As of now most of the organizations, have IT infrastructure which comprise of applications that address each department separately. These departments may have business processes that cater to the purpose of the department specific function but this may lead to creation of unstructured and structured data in isolation from other departments defeating the purpose of one goal of the organization. Due to lack of integration between department’s applications and business processes it leads to creation of islands of redundant information for each department. Knowing that there is duplicate information across various applications residing in various departments there will be multiple points of integration which makes it even more complicated. There is a requirement of point to point integration to resolve this. This increases business risk, delivery costs and it becomes even more important to retain existing talent who can handle the data and information well. IT challenge On drilling down, the problem of not being able to use unstructured data along with structured data semantically whilst the data is specific to each department’s function and not business process of the organization is a challenge for the IT support department of organizations. Integration of silo applications and automated business processes across departments with respect to the overall business context pose many intricacies which makes it is a very challenging and a costly exercise for the IT function. Few of the reasons are listed below: 1) Laborious task to integrate a variety of business processes and applications 2) Changes in particular to each function may become difficult to replicate across the organization each time 3) Data across functions can’t be normalized due to existence of data in multiple format 4) Data inconsistencies due to unavailability of an information master leads to dependency on data stored on spreadsheets These kind of challenges have typically no end so a comprehensive solution has to be worked out which is robust and serves the goal of the organization by delivering value flawlessly. Workflow Model, Business Process Management (BPM) and Enterprise Content Management (ECM) It is Workflow Automation and a Business Process Management System that will solve the business and technical problems that have been described in this paper so far. A workflow model is automation or a semi-automation of business processes. On the other hand Business Process Management is a method for managing the workflow model while continuously evaluating its performance and closing the feedback loop. Business processes form the nervous system of an organization or an enterprise. Business Process Management (BPM) is a discipline that empowers an organization to analyze, automate, re-design, streamline, monitor and improve business process while providing end to end visibility and control from technology to people. An organization has numerous business processes which take place every now and then. They may be simple or complex and may rely on unstructured data. For e. g. Banks have a business process to process the fresh loans application, local retailer has a business process to order new inventory and more. Business processes are the means which enable people, system and information to work simultaneously in order to meet organizations’ goals. However, it is not as easy as it sounds. Consider an example where in an insurance company the claim officials need digital photos to process a claim, customer representative need customer records and statements, accounts personnel need invoice approvals to disburse the required amount. To address such multi dimensional situation companies are resorting to capabilities of Enterprise Content Management (ECM) which is Business Process Management (BPM) to integrate, optimize, and automate processes and information. This solution enables organizations to make timely and accurate decisions. Together BPM and ECM businesses are able to deal with explosion of business related content which in turn helps them in becoming nimble and agile. Primarily, there are three changes that drive the need for businesses to become nimble and agile. They are: 1) Creation of islands of business relevant content internal and external to the organization 2) High maintenance cost of information created and stored by disparate sources 3) Incremental strain on IT to meet core business requirements while driving process innovation In response to these needs ECM and BPM enable organizations with the following: 1) Empower all employees to develop process centric solution 2) Quickly synchronize information from disparate internal as well external data sources 3) Couple processes and content to meet business requirements Businesses today need to use the content that is available across the business processes rather than letting it remain restricted under applications specific to a department or a function. Holistically, the content needs to be put to use for a greater benefit and a better ROI. Management of Unstructured Documents ECM has become one of the major software category post consolidation of various solutions like Document Management, Document Imaging, Web Content Management, Digital Asset Management while collaborating with BPM. It shouldn’t be treated as only a software category but can be primarily looked at as a strategy to manage all unstructured information – images, web content, media assets and records. Secondly, its job is to ensure that the content is put to use by the business users as per the business processes. The ECM solutions available today are built to support today’s dynamic requirements of the organization. They are scalable and high on performance when it comes to handling islands of new content and information with respect to complex business processes. Their design is such that they can integrate any kind of unstructured information with business processes and provide features such as process modelling, analytic capabilities, simulation and activity monitoring. They are also capable to handle process exceptions and can respond to demands for content from associates or customers. It is deduced that ECM as a technology and as a strategy enable information management professionals to manage the unstructured information in the organization to reduce risk, improve productivity in order to bring customer delight. Market Overview Organizations are increasingly adopting ECM to manage the increasing volume and growing diversity of unstructured content which now represents around 80% of the information residing in the enterprise. The opportunity identified is to devote similar rigor to unstructured data as being given to structured data. The market for ECM registered a double digit growth between the year 2004 to 2007 but it slowed down to single digit in 2008 primarily due to recessionary conditions. As per data gathered by Gartner, around $3. 3bn was collected as license and maintenance revenue for ECM. The ECM market has forecasted compounded annual growth rate of 9. 5% through till 2013. It is expected that the revenue generated from ECM markets worldwide would exceed $5. 1bn by 2013. The ECM market has seen major consolidation between the periods of 2003 to 2007. Large players such as IBM, Oracle, EMC have been acquiring companies to capitalize in this space. For example, EMC went on spree acquiring Legato, Document, Captiva and Document Sciences. Autonomy acquired Interwoven and Open Text purchased Vignette to become the largest independent vendors in this space competing directly with Microsoft’s Sharepoint. Market Drivers In spite of the recession which forced businesses to refrain from technology spending, the ECM market remained insulated from it for the following reasons: 1) Increase in volume and complexity of content is the reason for concern and investments in ECM henceforth 2) Pricing pressure from open-source vendors stimulating higher demand 3) It targets the overall ROI of the organization As there is a need to manage risks that come along with tonnes of paper and vast variety of digital content, a focus has been brought on governance and content rationalization. Vendors are addressing this by providing different stakeholders or customers with products that serve their purpose while keeping in mind the overall business processes of the organization. Recognizing this focus area many enterprises have become conscious about the lifecycle, access management, availability and cost of the content. There has been a slowdown in the ECM market due to the recessionary climate as it made the decision makers cautious about investments. In a research conducted by Gartner it was noticed that during this period companies have started looking for a thorough business case and ROI justifications for any kind of technology expenditure. However this could also turn out to be positive for the ECM market as these are the times when the organizations will realize the benefits of ECM solutions and frameworks. Conclusion Business Process Management and Workflow are not about moving documents across departments. It is about aligning businesses to their core processes and they provide the catalyst to exploit knowledge base to provide improved customer service. Thus, help in delivering measurable bottom line benefits in variety of business cases. List of References Toby Bell, Karen M. Shegda, Mark R. Gilbert, Kenneth Chin, Mick MacComascaigh. ( October, 2009), Magic Quadrant for Enterprise Content Management http://www. gartner. com/technology/media-products/reprints/microsoft/vol10/article3/article3.html, Gartner Hakan Akbas (August 2009), Consolidation in the Enterprise Content Management Industry Who Will Be Next Autonomy or Open Text? http://www. cmswire. com/cms/enterprise-cms/consolidation-in-the-enterprise-content-management-industry-who-will-be-next-autonomy-or-open-text-part-i-005174. php, Cmswire Icon Resources and technologies ( 2007), Document/Business Process Management http://www. iconresources. com/new/irt_bps. html Hinnerk Brugmann, ConSense: Management of unstructured Documents using semantic Meta-Information http://www.wi2. uni-erlangen. de/index. php? id=consense PNMSOFT, Sequence and Sharepoint, http://www. pnmsoft. com/sharepoint_workflow_integration. aspx PNMSOFT, SEQUENCE BPM workflow software platform, http://www. pnmsoft. com/sequence_bpm_workflow. aspx Rivet Logic Corporation (October 2008), Enterprise Content Management 2. 0: The Case for an Open Source Approach http://viewer. bitpipe. com/viewer/viewDocument. do? accessId=12186060, Bitpipe Research Kyle McNabb (March 2008), Enterprise Content Management http://www. forrester.com/rb/Research/topic_overview_enterprise_content_management/q/id/40327/t/2, Forrester Research Ann All (March 2010), Case Management Is Step Forward in BPM Evolution , http://www. itbusinessedge. com/cm/community/features/interviews/blog/case-management-is-step-forward-in-bpm-evolution/? cs=39882page=2 Strategy Partners (2003), Business Process Management and Workflow, http://www. aiim. org. uk/download_files/aiimuserguides/5_BPM_and_Workflow. pdf, AIIM International – ECM Association Barclay T. Blair (October 2004), An Enterprise Content Management Primer, The Information Management Journal

Experiment for Identification of Paracetamol

Experiment for Identification of Paracetamol PATRICK ANTWI MANU IDENTIFICATION OF PARACETAMOL THROUGH THE USE OF PHARMACOPIEA TEST ABSTRACT Paracetamol is widely used (NHS Choice, 2012) for the relief of minor pain, toothache, headaches, symptoms of cold and reduces of patient’s temperature (control fever symptoms). It is classified as a mild analgesic agent. The following procedures were used during the experiment of identification of paracetamol. TLC method is important for separation of mixture. This technique is commonly used to determine the presence of particular compound through comparison of Rf values of both unknown samples and the standard samples. Melting point analysis is also useful for identification of compound. The melting point range can be indicated and recorded with the help of a thermometer. For instance, the melting point of paracetamol ranges from168 to172 degree Celsius Infra-red spectroscopy is one of the most essentially useful methods for identification of compound. It is usually used to identify medicines that contain correct drug in most pharmaceutical industries. Structural information about the functional group of unknown compounds can be ascertained through the use of infra-red spectroscopy. Significantly, the results generated during this experiment attest the accuracy and importance of these methods for identification of compounds. For example, the Rf values of TLC method as well as infra-red spectroscopy analysis demonstrated the presence of paracetamol and cafeine in sample ‘B’ and ‘D’ respectively. INTRODUCTION Paracetamol is the best alternative choice for children and ulcer patients who have a minor pain such as headache and children. Consequently, too much it (NHS Choice 25/06/2012) can cause severe harm to the kidney and the liver. AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT Identify paracetamol from various unknown samples through pharmacopeia test. Hypothesis The range of melting point of the samples that contain paracetamol would be (168 to 172) degree Celsius. Again, the samples that contain paracetamol only would turn into violet without changing to red after the experiment D. The Rf values of unknown samples that contains paracetamol would be the same as the Rf value of the standard sample when compared. Apparatus used for the experiment Micro-spatula UV-light Indicator IR spectroscopy Melting apparatus Pencil Rule Chromatography tank TLC plate Thin capillary tube Conical flask Beaker Micro-pipette Materials used Ethyl acetate Four unknown samples Water Dichromate METHODS Melting point analysis Melting point analysis was conducted for all the four unknown samples labelled A, B, C, and D. Small amount of crystals of each unknown samples was fetched into the melting point capillary tube. The capillary tube contained the sample was placed into the melting point apparatus. The samples temperature was measured with digital thermometer. Hence, both initial and final melting point of the samples was observed and recorded. This experiment was repeated twice to obtain the ranges of the melting point. INFRA-RED TECHNIQUE During the experiment, the arm of IR spectroscopy was cleansed with (ethanol) alcohol. The background of IR spectroscopy was scanned. Hence, each sample was placed on the mouth of the IR spectroscopy and scanned. The wavelength detected the various bound in each compound. Copies of each compound scanned was printed out for observation and reading. EXPERIMENT D FOR IDENTIFICATION TEST ANALYSIS The experiment D was conducted for all the four unknown samples labelled A, B, C, and D. 0.1g of each unknown samples were measured with macro spatula and 1ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added to it. The solution was gently shake and heated to boil for about three minutes. 1ml of water was added to the boiling solution. After boiling, the solution was then placed in an ice bath to cool. Observation was made and there was no precipitation form. Therefore, 0.05m of 4.9/L solution of potassium dichromate was added to it and the colour developed for sample ‘B’ was violet without changing into red. However, the colour developed for sample ‘A’ was slightly red and changed to purpled whilst sample ‘C’ and ‘D’ developed yellow hint colour and diluted violet colour respectively. TLC METHOD A solvent system of about 20ml of ammonia: methanol: chloroform (1:19:80) was placed into the chromatography tank. A filter paper was placed against the wall inside the chromatography tank. The tank lid was placed on to prevent the evaporation of the solvent. The tank was left for about twenty minutes to allow saturated atmosphere to be formed. TLC method was conducted by using four unknown samples labelled A, B, C, D and ethyl acetate. During the experiment, a solution was made from each of the four unknown samples A, B, C, and D respectively. Thus, about 10mg of each sample was fetched with micro-spatula into the small beaker and dissolved with the small volume of ethyl acetate. Moreover, TLC plate was prepared by measuring 1.5cm distance from the edge of the plate with a rule. A horizontal line was drawn and marked the intervals with a pencil. The distance in between each interval was about 1.5cm apart. The line was demarcated into six intervals for the four unknown samples as well as the standard samples, which comprises of paracetamol and caffeine solution. Each solution was fetched with the help of a micro-pipette and spotted on the TLC plate at different intervals. In addition, the standard sample solutions of paracetamol and caffeine were spotted on the same plate at different position. Thus, spot A, B, C, D, Par and Caff in that order. The TLC plate was placed into the chromatography tank and covered with the lid. The solvent then moved up gradually through capillary action. Hence, the solute spotted on the TLC plate moved up along with the solvent (thus, mobile phase). TLC plate was removed from tank when the solvent reached about 2cm distance to the edge and marked with a pencil. Moreover, the plate was left to dry for about 20 minutes. After the evaporation of the solvent has taken place, TLC plate was then placed under the UV light for observation. A drawing was made with a pencil around the new spots formed on the plate. A measurement of the distance travelled by both solvent and substance were recorded. The Rf value was calculated for both unknown samples and the standard samples. Therefore, the Rf value was calculated base on the formula below. Rf value = distance travelled by substance divided by the distance travelled by solvent. Finally, the Rf values of unknown samples were compared with Rf values of the standard samples. The Rf value for paracetamol Rf = 3.90/6.1 Rf value = 0.639 = 0.64 RESULTS (b). Melting point analysis results SAMPLES A B C D MELTING POINT RANGE 171- 175 171 172 200 206 159 The sample ‘A’ is a bit higher than the normal range of the standard paracetamol sample. Equally, sample ‘B’ indicated the presence of paracetamol as the ranges 171-172 degree Celsius (c). (d). EXPERIMENT D FOR IDENTIFICATION ANALYSIS results SAMPLES A B C D Colour of solution Slightly red and turned to purple Violet Yellowish hint Dilute violet Sample ‘A’ developed purple colour which shows para-aminophenol The colour achieved for sample ‘B’ was violet which show positive result and it was therefore indicated the presence of paracetamol. The colour developed for sample ‘C’ was yellow hint which indicated the presence of caffeine. However, sample ‘D’ developed diluted violet colour which shows the presence of caffeine and paracetamol. Infra-red analysis results Sample AÂ   Sample B Bond Functional group Frequency / wave number absorption cm-1 Intensity v N-H amine 3319.12 stretch strong v C-H 2794.94 stretch strong/medium v O-H Hydrogen bond in alcohol, phenol 3109.51 stretch Strong v C=C 1650.71 Aromatic stretch s v C=O 1609.82 amide stretch N-H delta amide 1562.66 amide bend v C=C Aromatic stretch 1504.96 aromatic stretch The functional group obtained on sample ‘B’ indicated the presence of paracetamol. Sample C Sample D (g). Results for TLC analysis STANDARD SAMPLES Paracetamol Caffeine Rf values from TLC analysis 0.64 0.89 SAMPLES A B C D Rf values from TLC analysis 0.74 0.64 0.89 0.73 The Rf values calculated for TLC analysis indicated that sample B is paracetamol when compare with the standard samples. Thus, 0.64 Compound A, C, and D are less polar since they travelled faster and further in the mobile phase and they are more attracted to the mobile phase than compound B. However, compound B is more polar and travel slowly in the mobile phase. It is most attracted to the stationary phase. Discussion The experiment D of sample ‘B’ clearly showed positive outcome and indicated the presence of paracetamol as violet colour was achieved. In addition, TLC analysis also indicated that sample ‘B’ was paracetamol when Rf value of unknown samples ‘compared to the standard samples. Therefore, this shows the accuracy and precision of the positive outcomes of the experiment. Equally, the ranges obtained from melting analysis for sample ‘B’ also confirmed the presence of paracetamol. Experiment D of sample ‘A’ showed deep purple colour and the infra-red analysis confirmed that, it is para-aminophenol. Moreover, both experiment D, TLC method and infra-red analysis confirmed the presence of caffeine in sample ‘C’. However, sample ‘D’ developed dilute violet colour TLC analysis which shows a mixture of (two compounds) paracetamol and caffeine. The infra-red analysis also confirmed that, sample ‘D’ was a mixture of two compounds. Time SUMMARY REFERENCE Barber, J., Rostron, C.,(2013). Pharmaceutical Chemistry Hill, G., Holman, J,. (2011) Chemistry in Context. 6th edition NHS Choice, (25/06/2012). Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Painkillers-paracetamol/Pages/Introduction.aspx APPENDICES Mobile phase: Rf value: retention factor for thin layer chromatography. Stationary phase: TLC: thin layer chromatography UV light: ultraviolet light

The Emerging American Character During the 1700’s :: essays research papers

The Emerging American Character During the 1700’s (7 There once was an Italian man by the name of Amerigo Vespucci, who sailed the seas and explored South America. And later named America after himself. And there was Bartholomew Diaz who was also a navigator of the sea, but he was from Portugal, and the first European to round the cay of good hope in 1488. Then there was another Italian explorer, he to commanded the English exploration and alter discovered the North American mainland. He was John Cabot. The House of Burgesses was the lowest legislative house, and it was located in colonial Virginia. Holy land in America is the strange politico, mainly religious sects. (Palestine) There was a series of brutal wars undertaken by the Christians of Europe, this took place between the 11th and 14th century, that was the crusades. It happened to recover the great holy lands from the Muslims. Another great navigator from Portugal was Henry the navigator, he was the prince of Portugal who began to establish an observatory and also a school of navigation, and he also directed many long voyages that ignited the growth of Portugal’s colonial empire. The lost colony of Virginia was the Roanoke land that was taken over by the â€Å"Drotuann† Native Americans. Intercolonial wars refer to when the French and Indian wars between Great Britain and France in the late seventeenth and sixteenth century, these wars started a great change to British colonies. There was an English colonist and religious leader that was banished from Boston in 1637 just because of her religious beliefs. Her name was Anne Hutchinson . (1 I am an English philosopher in the current time of the 1600’s, my name is John Locke and I would like to explain my ideology. Well I believe in the enlighten (mainstream of thought at the 18th century of Europe), I think that the middle class and it’s rights to freedom of conscience and also I believe that they should have a right to property. I hold good faith in my science and along with the good of humanity. My thoughts are the basic state of nature was originally happy until characterized by tolerance. But not everyone feels the same way that I do, for instance Thomas Hobbes must controdict with me mainly because I feel he aroused the Antigo of the English group in France and also his thorough materialism often offends fellow churchman.

Beowulf Movie Critic

Beowulf Movie Critic Do you envision a strong female role or a male role as your hero? In my opinion the Beowulf movie was a thumbs up, due to Angelina Jolie’s use of seduction and female wiles. Angelina is a critical character who drives the plot. In the movie, her character of Grendel’s mother overshadows Beowulf‘s character as a hero. This is in drastic contrast to the original poem ‘Beowulf’ because in the original, women were not valued and they had no important role. Grendel’s mother differs from the original, in three aspects; character, plot and theme.The difference between the characters from the original Beowulf poem to the movie is vast. Grendel’s mother in the movie was beautiful, for example ‘Beowulf’ Movie Review says, â€Å"The link between the early battles of a young hero and his fatal confrontation with the dragon as an aging king is his temptation by the monster’s mother who dangles wealth, power a nd sexual favors before his bedazzled eyes,† the writer reminds us of the beauty she portrays. In the poem readers are led to believe she looks monstrous; it is said that the warriors from Herot thought she looked like Grendel and also Beowulf is not one bit attracted to her.In the poem Grendel’s mother is a violent being who creates conflicts to avenge her son; she eats people and kills many of Hrothgar’s men. In the movie Angelina Jolie lures Beowulf with her sexuality and beauty; her strategy is seduction, as for in the poem Grendel’s mother is a monster who attacks Beowulf and drags him into the cave where they engage in combat; her strategy is direct attack. In my opinion the movie Beowulf was successful, whereas the poem was not. The role played as Grendel’s mother was more thought out.Her strategy was a wise one because not only did she live, but she is free to lure more men into her cave, where she will pursue to seduce and sin. Grendel†™s mother changes the plot from beginning to end. If she had never seduced the king in the movie, then there would have never been the character Grendel. Without Grendel, Beowulf would have no reason to travel to Denmark on behalf of King Hrothgar’s request. King Hrothgar was sick and tired of Grendel savaging at night; he surmised Beowulf would save his kingdom.Grendel’s mother creates all conflict, for example she allures Beowulf knowing that lust was his weakness; where in the original ‘Beowulf’ she is an ugly lake monster with dragon claws, a long snout, yellow feathers, red eyes, a pale face and since Beowulf is not attracted, he defeats her. In the movie Grendel’s mother gives birth to a dragon, but this monster is also son of Beowulf. The plot was changed once again because in the poem the dragon was not Beowulf’s son and if it weren’t for Grendel’s mother’s promise to Beowulf, he would have not become king of He rot and would have not fallen in love with the queen.He chose to kill his evil son to save his love, the queen and his mistress. In the movie every victory was glorious. Each battle won is sung and celebrated. People remember you from your battles. In ‘Beowulf’ the poem, the theme is complete opposite. Christian element is used; battle is bad, and one was not known for battles, but how honest and faithful you were throughout your life. Beowulf’s morals were very different in the movie, because he was not using the Christian element, but was deceitful and unfaithful; for example, he lies about his battles and betrays the kingdom by fornicating with Grendel’s mother.Whereas in the poem he never did such thing. Contrary to the original Beowulf, the new film wants us to understand and humanize our monster. The changes of theme from story to movie give Beowulf a more modern feel. The movie was a real life depiction of the poem, which was a fantasy. In real life there is reality like sin. The movie is like a metaphor to the poem; we picture Grendel’s mother as an ugly creature, but she was not ugly; she was a monster within but not on the outside. ?