How Technology Effects Modern America - US Wage Trends Essays

How Technology Effects Modern America - US Wage Trends The microeconomic picture of the U.S. has changed immensely since 1973, and the trends are proving to be consistently downward for the nation's high school graduates and high school drop-outs. Of all the reasons given for the wage squeeze - international competition, technology, deregulation, the decline of unions and defense cuts - technology is probably the most critical. It has favored the educated and the skilled, says M. B. Zuckerman, editor-in-chief of U.S. News & World Report (7/31/95). Since 1973, wages adjusted for inflation have declined by about a quarter for high school dropouts, by a sixth for high school graduates, and by about 7% for those with some college education. Only the wages of college graduates are up. Of the fastest growing technical jobs, software engineering tops the list. Carnegie Mellon University reports, recruitment of it's software engineering students is up this year by over 20%. All engineering jobs are paying well, proving that highly skilled labor is what employers want! There is clear evidence that the supply of workers in the [unskilled labor] categories already exceeds the demand for their services, says L. Mishel, Research Director of Welfare Reform Network. In view of these facts, I wonder if these trends are good or bad for society. The danger of the information age is that while in the short run it may be cheaper to replace workers with technology, in the long run it is potentially self-destructive because there will not be enough purchasing power to grow the economy, M. B. Zuckerman. My feeling is that the trend from unskilled labor to highly technical, skilled labor is a good one! But, political action must be taken to ensure that this societal evolution is beneficial to all of us. Back in 1970, a high school diploma could still be a ticket to the middle income bracket, a nice car in the driveway and a house in the suburbs. Today all it gets is a clunker parked on the street, and a dingy apartment in a low rent building, says Time Magazine (Jan 30, 1995 issue). However, in 1970, our government provided our children with a free education, allowing the vast majority of our population to earn a high school diploma. This means that anyone, regardless of family income, could be educated to a level that would allow them a comfortable place in the middle class. Even restrictions upon child labor hours kept children in school, since they are not allowed to work full time while under the age of 18. This government policy was conducive to our economic markets, and allowed our country to prosper from 1950 through 1970. Now, our own prosperity has moved us into a highly technical world, that requires highly skilled labor. The natural answer to this problem, is that the U.S. Government's education policy must keep pace with the demands of the highly technical job market. If a middle class income of 1970 required a high school diploma, and the middle class income of 1990 requires a college diploma, then it should be as easy for the children of the 90's t o get a college diploma, as it was for the children of the 70's to get a high school diploma. This brings me to the issue of our country's political process, in a technologically advanced world. Voting & Poisoned Political Process in The U.S. The advance of mass communication is natural in a technologically advanced society. In our country's short history, we have seen the development of the printing press, the radio, the television, and now the Internet; all of these, able to reach millions of people. Equally natural, is the poisoning and corruption of these medias, to benefit a few. *From the 1950's until today, television has been the preferred media. Because it captures the minds of most Americans, it is the preferred method of persuasion by political figures, multinational corporate advertising, and the upper 2% of the elite, who have an interest in controlling public opinion. Newspapers and radio experienced this same history, but are now somewhat obsolete in the science of changing public opinion. Though I do not suspect television to become completely obsolete within the next 20 years, I

Gout and Pseudogout essays

Gout and Pseudogout essays Gout and Pseudogout are inflammatory arthritis that can be caused by monosodium urate and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal formation in joints. An excess of uric acid in the body causes this conditions. This excess can be caused by an increase in production of uric acid by the body, by under-elimination of uric acid by the kidneys or by increased intake of foods containing purines, which are metabolized to uric acid in the body. With time, elevated levels of uric acid in the blood may lead to deposits around joints. Eventually, the uric acid may form needle-like crystals in joints, leading to acute gout attacks. After a time, this excess of uric acid usually causes painful joint inflammation (arthritis). In addition to the arthritis, gout causes the formation of tophi, which are lumpy deposits of uric acid crystals. Acute gout episodes affect peripheral joints such as feet and hands, and last up to 10 days, whereas pseudogout affects intermediate joints such as knees, shoulder s and wrists, and has more prolonged effects. Prevalence of gout is 6 times more common in men than women. In geriatric patients, women are mainly affected after the menopause. Gout can be suspected if the first toe joint is inflamed or the level of uric acid in the blood is higher than 9mg/100 ml. Geriatric patients who are taking diuretics are also at the high risk of getting gouty attacks. The definitive diagnosis of gout is dependent on finding uric acid crystals in the joint fluid during an acute attack. However, uric acid levels in the blood alone are often misleading and may be transiently normal or even low. Clinical presentations and imaging of the affected joints can be helpful for diagnosis of gout and pseudogout. The goals of treatment for gout consist of alleviating pain, avoiding severe attacks in the future, and preventing long-term joint damage. Colchicine has been the standard treatment for acute gout. While colchicine is very effect ...

Use of Video in Secondary Science Education Research Paper

Use of Video in Secondary Science Education - Research Paper Example Use of Video in Secondary Science Education Use of video projects in a classroom environment is one of the most effective ways to ensure that students get the required content. This is because it involves a hands-on approach where the students use theory that they have learnt to create their own videos, however the tools that the students use will determine how effective they will be in creating their own videos. The most efficient tools that students can use in video creation In choosing the most effective video creation tools that students can use, the following factors were put into consideration. One is the user friendliness of the tool where issues like easiness on the eye and navigation and the intuitiveness of the UI (Ivers & Barron, 2010). Second factor that was put in to consideration was the features that the tool contained such as assessment capability or feedback functions, another factor that was put into consideration is the limitations that come with the tools such as whether it is a WYSIWYG tool or it needs a p rogramming nous. imovie is a video editing software that is sold by Apple inc company for Mac and iOS which include iphone, ipad, ipad mini and ipod touch that was originally launched in the market in the year 1999 (Laybourne, 2009). Since 2005, imovie was designed to process high definition video from HDV camcorders and other versions of camcorders such as AVCHD camcorders and H.264 compressed video from MPEG4, to support this, the tool has undergone metamorphosis to ensure smooth integration especially with apple products. imovie HD 5 included support for HDV, which includes the 720p and 1080i, in addition, it also supported the integration with ilife suite and toolbox buttons that allow importation of images from iphoto and music from itunes. The HD 6 version, which was released in 2006 included support for iphotos, itunes, iDVD , garageband and iweb, this version was aimed at making the imovie more user-friendly as it included themes that allowed the user to drag and drop movies and photos in bac kdrops. The imovie 08 was an improvement of the previous versions of imovie as it contained better HD output and more formats in which files could be converted to. This edition however received criticism since it completely abandoned the earlier versions of imovie and features such as slow motion, fast motion, black and white options had been removed, in addition, imovie 08 could not support more than one project at a time. The imovie 09 was basically a response to the criticism the ’08 version as it restored features that the previous versions had, in addition, it also simplified some more advanced tasks such as picture to picture and chroma keying. The imovie 11 had the capability of making movie trailers, gave the user more power over the audio option, allowed immediate rerun, flash, and hold effects, new theme, face detection and the potential to watch videos on apple products. with the unveiling of the iphone, which was designed to support iOS, the apple company designed an imovie app that would be compatible with the iOS since the other products of the company were also designed to support the iOS (Maci?as, Granollers & Latorre, 2009). Animoto Animoto is an online video editing software that is easy to use among the students, a key feature of the

The Recipe Book as a Tradition in the Family Essay

The Recipe Book as a Tradition in the Family - Essay Example Different families have different items among their possessions that they hold most dear. These items usually have some special meaning to the members of the family and they seldom give out these items outside the family. Among the many possessions in my family, there is one that has incomparable value. It reminds everyone of our past and is the basis of some of our traditions in the family. This special item is a recipe book that my grandmother wrote. The recipe book contains several recipes that my grandmother developed. These recipes have been in use in my family for such a long time that some of the meals have become our identity among friends and relatives. It is a tradition in the family to cook a meal from the recipe book at least once a week. We always look forward to meals prepared from the recipe book, as they are usually special. Our family also uses the book when we have guests and during special events and occasions. Owing to this tradition, the recipe book has become so special in our family. My family intends to keep the recipe book for generations to come. That is to keep the recipes a family secret down the years and ensure we maintain our uniqueness when it comes to preparing special meals. Only select members of the family will inherit it down the generations to keep the traditions going. Currently, the book is under the custody of my mother who, when the time comes, will decide whom to give it. Everyone in the family hopes to inherit it and be the master of those rich meals in their own family.

Eeryday life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eeryday life - Essay Example In my turn, I have wondered whether we could possibly even approach the ideal of rationality, and I believe that what is clear is that this task is far from being easy. After all, we, humans, have a too significant heritage of irrationality to live with and this is an integral part of our nature. As a demonstration of this may serve the great number of biases in human reasoning and decision making, when for instance due to the so-called 'confirmation bias' people tend to look for and believe only that which they already have a predisposition for, and ignore evidence for the contrary. Ironically, this type of bias is one of the main mechanisms that work to maintain the enormous popularity of horoscopes in our society despite the lack of scientific evidence for their validity, and is used for the promotion of such a chancy endeavour as lottery by overemphasising very slim possibility of winning and ignoring the real possibility of losing. Now, it is not surprising that the study of approaches to problem solving and thinking is that powerful tool which can help one efficiently employ ones ability for rational thinking and effective problem solving, and in the process understand how the general concepts and theories that study them apply to our everyday life that is rife with challenges such as the need for a person to deci

The recent demographic, epidemiological and social trends in UK

The recent demographic, epidemiological and social trends in UK This essay is divided into two parts. First part deals generally with the recent demographic, epidemiological and social trends in UK. In demographic trends main concern is population change. The demographic transition model depends on countries mortality and the fertility rates. As these are one of the important deciding factors for population change, though migration is important trend in UK. Next are the epidemiological trends deals with life style diseases, non communicable diseases, mental health, disability etc. Finally, the combination of demographic and epidemiological trends gives the social trends. Second part deals with critically assessing the priorities for public health and health promotion. Because establishing priorities are more essential. Not surprisingly it will deal with obesity, lifestyle diseases, smoking etc., as twenty first century progress, public health and health promotions are the major concerns. The important demographic trends in UK is increasing aging population. According to ONS (2009), the population in united kingdom is ageing with the decrease in the younger population. This trend is seen constantly over past 35 years. Because of growing ageing population. It posed a great political and economic challenge to the country(Squire 2002).Because the life expectancy between 2001 and 2006 was 75.6 for male and 79 for female..There is steady increase in life expectancy of people(Bowling 2005).On the other side there is increase in non communicable diseases which are mainly due to behavioural and sedentary life style changes. These include diabetes, CVD, etc., which are mostly of preventable causes(Shah 2008).When it comes to social trends, it has an impact of both the demographic and epidemiological trends. Like the decreasing trend of labour work, this may be due to many reasons. Although there is a increase in the people who are economically active from 5 million in 1971 to 30.6 million in 2006( ONS 2007). Since this increase in economically active people does not increase the employment rate. There is decrease in the employment rate from 95% in 1971 to 79% in the recent period (ONS 2009) The proportion of percentage of crime is increasing like property crime, card crime or juvenile convictions etc., though the overall crime is decreased from 40% in 1995 to 23% in 2005.With increase in the crime rate, the spending on the other services like social protection is increasing. In 2003 it was  £4,710 per person, which is higher than any other countries. Other spending like those for sick and disabled is increased by means of disability living allowance and attendance allowance (ONS 2007). All the above, trends in the environmental change is present scenario which is concern of most. In the previous years climate change was given low level priority( Doulton and Brown, 2009). Both locally and globally the physical environment and their naturally occurring resources are affected by human activities, which may be due to both industrialization and urbanisation from the act of globalisation(DEBRA, 2009).All these process are due to global warming and climate change, which alm ost increased the temperature of UK. The highest temperature was seen recently in 2005 and the projection also shows that if the emission level is same as now it will have increase in overall temperature of 2- 3.5 degree Celsius by 2080(ONS 2007).In the Kyoto protocol, UK has a target to reduce the emission of green house gases to a level of 12.5% between the year 2008 and 2010(UNFCCC).Even though united kingdom emission reduced to a level, the emission from the aviation industry doubled between the year 1990 and 2004. Generally increased emission of carbon dioxide will have impact at many level, like the recent flood in the November with the collapse of bridges and infrastructure(DEFRA, 2009) and it will have impact economically( Taylor and Ortiz, 2008)According to Greenpeace UK, many people are dying every year because of climate change and in 50 years many species are going for extinction and the government policy needs an action not in words. When it comes trends for health prom otion and public health, following are the problems that getting priority in the recent trend. According to office National Statistics (2007), there are two interrelated factors which affects the demographic change. They are natural change and migration. In 1950s population change is due to natural change. But from 1970s natural population change decreased with decrease in birth rate. From 1980s population increased due to increase in migration level and decreases in death rates. Present trend that is from 2007, the change is equal on both sides. The projections for 2011-2021 show that the population change is due to natural, with increase of 57 % (NSO 2009). In 2005, there was 723,000 live birth when compared with 7000 increase from 2004. It was 34% and 20% fewer births in 1901 and 1971.The reason behind this was due to two world wars ( NSO 2007). The best indicator for peoples health status is life expectancy. It is calculated by the mortality rate of the country(Keith Green 2004).According to guardian.co.uk, the trend in life expectancy are dependent on two classes namely middle and poor class. In which middle class adopt healthy life style and poor will follow unhealthy one like drinking and smoking. The life expectancy for a baby born has reached highest level. This would be like 77.6 years for male and 81.6 years for female. Though females live longer than males, the gap between these two are narrowing. The narrowing is from 6.0 years to 4.2 years in last 25 years. A man at 65 years will live 17.4 years and women will live 20.0 years extra if the mortality rate is same as 2006-2008(ONS 2009).Moreover, the projections for the 2021 is like 80 and over for males and 84 years for females(Scambler 2008).In that, last eleven years of life for females and eight years life for males will lead a poor health(Keith and Green 2004) .Moreover there is increase in the unhealthy life expectancy where the old people are alienated from the modern society(Brown 2008). Ageing is the part of life which leads to debility and dependency but not always with disability(Watson,2008).Many consider chronological age for ageing, but chronological age is rough guide to biological age. Because age is measured by abilities and performance of the individual. Many health and welfare organisation consider age of 70 and 75 years as starting age for elderly than 65 years. (Donaldson Scally, 2009) According to office of National Statistics(2009),the advances in the treatment level and modernization leads to increase in the life expectancy from 85 to 90 years. But according to Donaldson and Scally(2009), increase in older population is not solely due to advances in medical field or technology or new drugs. The reason is decreased mortality of children when compared to early twentieth century where there is more deaths of infant and children. With decline in mortality and birth rate ,which projects older population to be increased(Robson 2006). The population pyramid in the beginning of twentieth century, it resembled like a pyramid with more young at the base and elderly at peak. In contrast twentieth century shows like a chimney than pyramid (Donaldson and Scally, 2009). For more than thirty years, ageing population is increasing with 1.2 million people,16% of them are over 65 years and most of them are in 85 years and more(Robert and Linda 2008).When compared between two years like 1971 and 2007,the population of aged is 0.3 and 1.0 for female ,0.1 and 0.4 for male(ONS, 2009).Although policy matters regarding the ageing like pension, health and social welfare provision which comes under expenditure along with keeping good life(Bowling 2005).However, old age people who need supportive care due to physical and mental debility may have one or more chronic diseases. According to social life cycle and ageing fourth age which has dependency and disability, but many remains in good health(Donaldson and Scally,2009). The policy maker have more concern in enabling the older people to be active, mobile and independence, which will make them to contribute to the society as a whole(Bowling 2005). Donaldson and Scally 2009, underpinned that while setting priorities for health care of old people, it should be categorised in three ways .One is those with good health and require no service, second is one with disabling condition such as stroke or dementia and final one is those experiencing age related problems from frequent falls, sensory deficits and memory loss Next to demographic trends is epidemiological trend which shows the countries health status. United Kingdom health trends basically related to behavioural which are mostly related to diet, smoking, drinking and physical activity. Most of the diseases are interrelated to the one of the sedentary life styles. In the past twenty five years, the prevalence of obesity has doubled (National Obesity Observatory).The prevalence of obesity is increasing 0.8 a year, which is three fold more tan 1980s (WHO Europe,2007).The first and the most important cause of diseases in UK is obesity. It showed a rapid increase in the prevalence of obesity in industrialised world and it is first and foremost cause of diseases (Donaldson and Scally,2009) which leads to reduced level of physical activity which is the part of sedentary life style(Barnett 2005). About 37% of the deaths in a year is due to overweight and obesity, which is the cause for the DALYs in aged people ( Allender Rayner 2007). In 2007,ov er one million where on treatment for obesity with 127,000 and 871,000 in 1999 and 2005(Miller et al,2008). By 2010 it will rise in the prevalence rate to three million, at the time of diagnosis these people will be having 50% long term vascular complications and one third of men and 28% of women will be classed as obese (Barnett 2005). This is growing concern in UK, because the relationship between the obesity with immediate clinical outcome like coronary heart diseases are common(Miller et al,2008).Obesity can be related to many other conditions like mental health, learning disabilities and physical disabilities( Ells et al, 2006).There is strong connection between obesity and other diseases like diabetes, disabilities, mental health etc., Apart from prevalence of obesity in whole population, childhood obesity is alarming in UK due to excessive intake of food and lack of physical activity. This trend is more pronounced in lower socio-economic areas(Pearce et al 2008).In 1955 WHO formed global school health initiative to reduce health problem among young people. As a part of the initiative in UK, National healthy school programme-HSP was formed to tackle childhood obesity. It has given priority to physical activity and healthy eating but not on social exclusion and fails to address experiences of marginalised and vulnerable groups in schools(Curtis 2008). The government policy on white paper like ` choosing the health: making the healthy choices easier the policy was implemented through public services agreement-PSA to halt obesity by 2010.It is delivered through local agency and by UNNAO (Mohetbati et al 2007) There are national targets to reduce children with overweight and obesity by 2000 level. The scheme where imp lemented locally to tackle it. But they are not designed , timetabled, resourced or evaluated(Pearce et al 2008) and there is no adequate attention was given to psychological implication of the intervention. The urgency of childhood obesity was reflected in department of health, the policy in this area of childhood obesity lacked co-ordination, surveillance and screening. It is not precisely articulated and explored (Lake 2009). Another important effect of obesity is diabetes. In UK every one person in three is diagnosed with diabetes(practice Nurse 2009).The prevalence rate increases in faster rate than US and Canada, with increase of 74% in past 6 years(occupational health 2009).It is showed that in 2008 it was 2.5million diagnosed with diabetes against 2.3million in 2007,that is 3.86% and 3.66% (Diabetes UK 2007 and 2008) According to Diabetes UK (2009) ,the projections shows that during 2010 there will be anticipated ageing and with growth of overweight and obesity. And by 2015 obesity will be the extra burden of  £6.3 billion to UK NHS. The country could face a diabetes explosion by 2025 with 4 million people will be affected and 500,000 will live with it unknown. It is blamed to be due to overweight and obesity (Occupation health, 2008). It is getting a major public health problem and it is also root cause of many life style diseases like cardiovascular diseases, stroke , blindness etc., Another beh avioural problem which is also the main cause for the above all diseases are smoking and alcoholism, which are the demographic risk to the population. Smoking is one problem which involves many disciplines of action. 2006 there were 12 million smoker in UK, of which the prevalence is higher among men than women for age groups except between 16-19 years. The gender difference is higher among 25-34 years with 33% for men and 26% for female and lower in those aged 60 years and above(Heartstats.org). There is decline in the prevalence to 21% in the age group of 16 and over by 2007(ONS 2007), but there is no considerable decline in the smoking rate among young women between the ages of 11-18 years(Bowles et al 2009). However in general prevalence is more among unskilled manual jobs than professional jobs (Hillier 2006).In 1974 51% of men and 41% women wants to give up smoking , but in 2005 25 % of men and 23 % of women want to give up cigarette smoking. The gender gap is getting decreased between these two years. But in general 66% of them want to give up smoking(ONS, 2009).The death due to lung cancer range from 90%, 80% to emphysema and bronchitis and 17% to heart diseases(ASH 2007). Moreover, one in three smokers will develop cancer in some stage of life and one in four will die of diseases. Smoking contributes to overall 22% of deaths in UK(ASH 2008).NHS spends around  £ 2.7 billion year for treating diseases caused by smoking(ASH 2009) Cardio vascular diseases is a condition which involves a group of condition which is caused mainly by obesity, diabetes, smoking, alcohol, sedentary life styles, which are interlinked. It includes heart diseases and stroke. It kills one in three people, which can be altered by life style changes(BBC 2008).CVD is biggest killer in the country which contribute to 200,000 deaths a year with highest rate than Europe. The projections for 2050 is every nine out of ten will be overweight and obese, which in turn is a contributing factor for CVD. It poses  £ 30 billion to NHS and to UK economy (Care Quality commission 2009).In 2006, CVD cost 14.4 million for health care system, out of which 72% for hospital care and 20% for drugs. Another important non health care cost is production loss. The financial burden from informal care is due to death and illness during working age. In 2006, informal care caused  £ 8.2 billion to UK government .In an overall it will cost  £ 30.7 billion a yea r (Heartstats.org).The main public health concern regarding CVD is alarming increase in death rate which is due to modifiable risk factors like obesity and smoking. Next common cause of death among the UK people is cancer. The trend of death due to cancer peaked for males during 1984 and fallen during 2007. For females it peaked during 1989 and fallen in 2007.In UK about 50,000 cancer deaths every year (BBC 2007).Cancer is followed by mental health. In the recent past there is strong relationship between mental health and economic downtown. There is a challenge that exist to tackle the mental health without compromising in quality of treatment. All around mental health cost about  £110 billion per year. This is increasing due to recession, unemployment, home repossession etc., The expenditure on mental health will double if the same situation exist( Royal college of psychiatrist 2009).Women are 19.1% higher than men in using mental health services. And old age people using double the size(mental health bulletin 2009).For this government has sorted out some priorities like support to employer from government , Right kind of support to people w ith problem and concentration on research to improve the present situation in co ordination from public health professional. This can done by public mental health approach (Royal college of psychiatrics). Inequalities due to migration are the constant problem in UK. It may be due to the difference in the level of deprivation (Connolly O Reilly 2007). According to ONS (2009), migration in is seen in two levels like immigration and emigration. International migrations contribute to population growth of UK in the recent years. The people emigrated from UK is 427,000 in 2008 which is high when compared to 341,000 in 2007. The number of people emigrated has doubled in A8 accession countries from 25,000 in 2007 to 69,000 in 2008. In contrast, people came to UK in 2008 is 590,000 when compared with 574,100 in 2007. However, there is decrease in NI number allocation between 2007 and 2008 shows that decrease in the number of people came to UK from other countries. There is steady decrease in people immigrating to UK between 2007, it includes both EU and Non EU. But there is sharp increase in people coming for formal study from 27% in 2007 to 32% in 2008(ONS).Immigration causes two problems to NHS, first is the abuse of overseas visitors and second is unchecked permanent migration with major illness and diseases like HIV, Tuberculosis and Hepatitis B. These diseases are communicable, intractable leads to spread which will cause serious public health problems (Moxon 2004).

Hbr Cases Csr Outsourcing in Tangers 2 P

CASE STUDY: Multinational Outsourcing and CSR. Inditex: The worldwide outsourcing garment industry and social community development in Morocco Intermon claims that pressures on foreign clothing suppliers are smothering employees. [†¦]  In Morocco, where Cortefiel, Inditex Zara), Mango and Induyco El Corte Ingles)manufacture their products, a Tangier based textile factory sold a pair of slacks to large Spanish retailers for 3.3 euros three years ago; today, the same item sells for 2 euros. Female factory workers work 12 to 16 hours a day during the high season, because orders from Spain demand six ? ay delivery  terms  in  order  to  suit  shop  window  change  schedules. † (El  Pais  Newspaper,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mujeres  en  Aprietos†,  10  ? 02  ? 2004) towards  process  outsourcing  that  responded  to  its  characteristic  labor  ? intensive  production and current competitive pressures for cost reduction and flexibili ty. Sector companies had been  forced  to  redesign  their  business  strategies,  focusing  on  performance  measurement,  new competence and skill development, product quality improvements and more strategically oriented  human  resources  management.Yet,  this  new  strategic  focus  entailed  unprecedented   risks,   especially   as   regards   labor   practices,   environmental   care   and   unfair   competition. As   multinational  companies  embarked  on  this  process,  multilateral  agencies  and  global  NGOs  had   begun  to  look  into  and  report  on  wrongful  practices  by  large  corporations,  significantly  calling   the  attention  of  increasingly  sensitive  and  aware  consumers  and  customers. Global  society  was   urging  apparel  industry  players  to  adopt  a  more  responsible  attitude  to   be  embraced  by  their   entire  business  value  chain,  including  vendors  and  outsourced  suppliers.Thus,  Inditex  was  held   responsible  for  what  went  on  at  outsourcing  shop  s  owned  by  Moroccan,  Peruvian,  Chinese  or Indian  businessmen. This  was  precisely  why  Javier  Chercoles,  Social  Responsibility  Department   director   at   Inditex,   was   losing   sleep:   how   could   they   know   for   sure   what   happened   in   over   1,800  outsourcing  shops  scattered  all  around  the  world? Introduction It   was   early   in   October   2005,   and   the   date   set   for   the   next   Social   Council   meeting   was   fast   approaching. This   advisory   body   provided   counsel   to   Inditex   Group   on   corporate   social   responsibility   (hence   CSR)à ‚   issues.The   upcoming   meeting   would   assess   the   CSR   policies   and   programs  the  Group  was  developing. The  textile  industry  in  general  and  Inditex  ? as  an  industry   leader  ? in  particular  were  facing  complex  social  challenges  that  affected  not  only  their  image   and   reputation   but   their   operations   as   well. Inditex   CSR   strategy   had   emerged   largely   in   response   to   these   challenging   issues. The   time   had   come   to   evaluate   this   strategy’s   impact,   especially   focusing   on   outsourced   shops,   in   order   to   outline   a   future   course   of   action.Specifically,   Inditex   had   launched   a   program   in   Tangier   and   needed   to   assess   this   experience   and   find   a   way   to   incorporate   it   into   the   Group’s   global   strategy. At   the   same   time,   Javier   Chercoles  wondered  what  options  were  available  for  social  intervention  in  developing  nations. What  were  the  limits  to  the  company’s  social  responsibility? Should  Inditex  strive  to  ensure  the   wellbeing  of  its  suppliers’  workers? He  also  pondered  the  visibility  issue  :  Should  the  company   communicate   its   CSR   efforts   openly,   or   should   it   pursue   a   more   â€Å"   subtle†,   low   ? profile   approach?In  recent  years,  the  textile  industry  had  become  highly  globalized  as  a  result  of  a  strong  trend   1 Inditex  Group  Evolution By  late  2005,  Spain’s  Inditex  (Industria  de  Diseno  Textil)  Group,  owner  of  several  retail  brands   including   Zara,   Pull   and   Bear,   Massimo   Dutti, Bershka,   Stradivarius,   Oysho,   Zara   Home   and   Kiddy’s  Class,  was  a  world  leader  in  its  sector,  with  more  than  2,600  stores  in  62  countries. The   first   Zara   store   was   inaugurated   in   La   Coruna,   Spain,   in   1975. Since   then,   the   company   had   opened  stores  in  over  400  cities  in  Europe,  the  Americas,  Asia  and  Africa.Inditex  engulfed  eight  retail  chains  with  broad  international  presence. The  group  also  included   other   companies   associated   with   apparel   business   design,   manufacturing   and   distribution   operations. Group  figures  show  that  Zara,  its  oldest  and  most  internationally  expanded  chain,   accounted  for  70%  of  its  overall  business,  with  724  stores  located  in  54  countries. Europe  was   Inditex’s  core  business  focus,  featuring  1,945  stores  that  grossed  over  80%  of  its  total  sales. In   2005,   the   more   than   1,000   stores   located   outside   Spain   accounted   for   57. %   of   the   group’s   sales,   and   stores   were   opened   in   four   new   markets:   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Russia   and   Malaysia. Most  Inditex  stores  were  wholly  ? owned  and  managed  by  the  company;  franchises  were  only   2 used  for  12%  of  the  group’s  points  of  sale,  contributing  10%  to  total  store  sales  from  all  chains. Inditex  had  experienced  significant  growth  over  the  past  few  years,  posting  a  net  income  of  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   628  million  on  consolidated  revenues  of  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  5. 67  billion  in  2004. As  of  December  31,  2005,  the   group  had  an  overall  headcount  of  58,190  employees.Amancio   Ortega   Gaona,   founder   of   Inditex,   started   his   first   apparel   manufacturing   factory,   Confecciones   Goa,   in   1963. Soon   he   developed   an   interest   for   retailing   and   opened   the   first   Zara   S. A. store,   which   became   his   first   retail   and   distribution   company. Since   inception,   Zara   was   positioned   as   a   store   selling   quality   fashion   clothing   at   reasonable   prices. By   the   end   of   the   1970s,   there   were   half   a   dozen   Zara   stores   in   Galicia,   Spain. In   1985,   Inditex   S. A. was   established   as   a   holding   company   atop   Zara.Since   then,   its   expansion   gathered   momentum: the  first  store  outside  Spain  was  opened  in  1988  (in  Portugal),  and,  between  1989  and  1998,   the   company   expanded   to   18   additional   countries,   developing   or   acquiring   other   fashion   brands,  such  as  Pull  and  Bear  and  Massimo  Dutti. Throughout  this  process,  the  Group  underwent  deep  structural  changes  and  went  from  being   an  exclusively  Spain  ? based  producing  chain  in  1980  to  deploying,  by  2005,  company  audited   and  certified  production  centers  and  providers  in  the  Americas,  Africa,  Europe  and  Asia.This   new   scheme   posed   new   challenges   for   Inditex,   especially   in   terms   of   labor,à ‚   social   and   economic   concerns   regarding   its   employees,   its   suppliers   and   outsourcing   shops,   as   the   company   struggled   to   uphold   the   values   and   principles   inspiring   the   Group’s   CSR   strategies. Zara  was  a  successful  store,  and  success  brings  visibility. For  several,  reasons,  both  the  media   and  the  NGO  community  had  their  eyes  set  on  Zara,  a  fact  the  company  could  not  ignore. culture  based  on  ethics  and  respect  and  translate  into  more  than  just  aesthetic  moves.So,  is   Inditex  really  and  globally  committed  to  CSR? (Press  release  by  SETEM  NGO,  June  15,  2004)      In  1992,  Levi’s,  a  U. S. apparel  company,  was  accused  of  selling  jeans  manufactured  by  Chinese    immigrants  working  in  slavery  ? like  conditions. In  1994,  Kukdong,  a  Nike  and  Reebok  supplier,   was  charged  for  violating  labor  standards  by  hiring  minors  to  work  up  to  10  hours  a  day  and   allowing  verbal  and  physical  employee  abuses. In  1998,  charges  were  brought  against  Adidas   for  forcing  prison  inmates  in  China  to  work  in  despicable  conditions.These   precedents   had   driven   large   textile   companies   all   over   the   world   to   adopt   socially   responsible   strategies   and   policies. Industry   leaders,   like   Nike,   H&M,   Benetton   and   Gap,   had   developed   and   published   codes   of   conduct   that   included   their commitment   to   observe   and   enforce   legal   labor   practices   and   the   principles   contained   in   the   Universal   Declaration   of   Human  Rights  both  at  their  own  production  plants  as  well  as  their  suppliers’. This  implied  the   adoption   of   specific   practices,   such   as   inspection,   audit   and   evaluation   mechanisms   for   outsourcing  shops.However,   many   NGOs   were   still   quite   skeptical   when   it   came   to   textile   industry   practices. Especially   noteworthy   in   this   regard   was   the   Clean   Clothes   Campaign,1   an   organization   that   originated   in   Holland   in   1984   and,   by   2004,   had   already   turned   into   an   informal   NGO   and   union   network   spanning   throughout   the   world. It   was   devoted   to   pressing   apparel   multinationals  to  ensure  all  their   products  and  services  were  produced  in  accordance  with  fair   labor  policies,  as  well  as  to  raising  consumer  awareness  on  industry  abuses.The  Clean  Clothes   Campaign  had  such  a  vast  impact  in  Europe  that,  in  1997,  the  European  Parliament  praised  its   work  and  recommended  the  European  Commission  to  explicitly  support  this  organization. In  Spain,  the  Clean  Clothes  Campaign  had  been  initially  led  by  Setem,  a  Spanish  development   NGO,  and  later  by  Intermon  Oxfam,  a  larger,  more  established  organization. Both  had  adopted   differing   strategies   in   their   dealings   with   the   industry:   while   Setem   pursued   an   ongoing   and   outspoken   advocacy   strategy,   especially   in   the   case   of   Inditex,    Intermon   ?Oxfam   preferred   a   more   collaborative   approach   to   both   the   entire   industry   and   Inditex   in   particular. In   2001,   4 Stakeholders’  Reaction  to  Inditex  CSR  Strategy â€Å"Arteixo. ?  SETEM,  NGO  that  coordinates  the  Clean  Clothes  Campaign,  will  attend  the  textile   Inditex  Group’s  General  Shareholders’  Meeting,  to  be  held  tomorrow  at  Arteixo  in  La  Coruna,  in   order  to  question  company  officials  on  primary  issues,  such  as  its  Code  of  Co duct’s  failure  to   refer  to  International  Labor  Organization  (ILO)  standards  and  the  right  to  a  fair  wage. Since  the   creation   of   the   Inditex   Corporate   Social   Responsibility   Department,   SETEM   ? Clean   Clothes   Campaign   has   monitored   the   company’s   commitment   to   labor   rights,   purchasing   practices,   management   transparence,   etc. ?   in   short,   all   the   aspects   that   truly   determine   a   business   3 Setem  purchased  Inditex  stock  in  order  to  join  the  company’s  annual  Shareholders’  Meetings.Setem’s  July  2004  press  release  clearly  expressed  its  position  on  the  company:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Inditex  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s  social   responsibility   plan   is   a   deceitful   front   that   has   enabled   the   company   to   portray   itself   in   the   media   as   a   pioneer   in   social   responsibility   issues   in   Spain. †Ã‚   Instead,   Intermon   Oxfam,   a   development   NGO   used   to   working   with   business   companies,   published   a   report,   Moda   que   Aprieta  (February  2004),  that  referred  specifically  to  Inditex  in  the  following  terms:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"This  is  the   Spanish  apparel  group  that  has  made  more  progress  in  CSR  issues.Its  key  weakness  lies  in  its   difficulty  to  match  its  aggressive  marketing  policy,  based  on  stringent  order  fulfillment  terms,   and  its  demand  for  suppliers  to  comply  with  its  ethical  code. †Ã‚      Currently,   Clean   Clothes   Campaign   platforms   were   approaching   several   sector   multinationals   to   formulate   a   proposal   for   good   practices   in   the   textile   industry.    In   other   words,   some   companies   and   NGOs   were   trying   to   analyze   market   pressures   forcing   harsh   productivity,   flexibilityà ‚   and   low   cost   strategies   on   sector   players   in   an   attempt   to   minimize   their   negative   impacts,  such  as  labor  instability  and  unsafe  working  conditions. A   group   of   Inditex   top   executives   recognized   the   need   to   approach   company   stakeholders   meaningfully  and  to  develop  sound  CSR  strategies. They  believed  that  it  was  crucial  for  Inditex   to   set   in   place   suitable   mechanisms   to   approach   its   stakeholders. The   company   had   already   moved   in   this   direction

Csr of Ibm

A report on Corporate Social Responsibility of International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) SUBMITTED TO Rabeya Sultana, Assistant Professor, Department Of MIS, University of Dhaka SUBMITTED BY Akibul Kowser Pahlowan Student ID: 61222-15-055 Summer Semester 2012 Department of MIS. University of Dhaka. Candidate’s DeclarationI certify that the report entitled â€Å"A report on Corporate Social Responsibility of International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)† submitted as a term paper of the course Introduction of Business is the result of my own research, except where otherwise acknowledged and this project report in whole or in part has not been submitted for an award including a higher degree, to any other University or institution. Name: Akibul Kowser Pahlowan Signature: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION| 4| 2. What is corporate social responsibility? | 5| 3. Company Profile:| 6| 4. Case Study:| 7| . Other Example of CSR Activities of IBM:| 8| 6. Why IBM involved with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)? | 8| 7. Why IBM involved with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)? | 9| 8. Conclusion:| 9| INTRODUCTION : Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is becoming an increasingly important activity to businesses nationally and internationally. As globalization accelerates and large corporations serve as global providers, these corporations have progressively recognized the benefits of providing CSR programs in their various locations. CSR activities are now being undertaken throughout the globe.Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is the responsibility of an organization for the impacts of its decisions and activities on society, the environment and its own prosperity, known as the â€Å"triple bottom line† of people, planet, and profit. Not only do responsible, sustainable and transparent  approach es help build brand and reputation, they help strengthen the community and therefore the marketplace. A solid business plan, embedded into the business culture, reflecting organizational values and objectives through strategic CSR application, will help to build a sustainable and profitable future for all.What is corporate social responsibility? The term is often used interchangeably for other terms such as Corporate Citizenship and is also linked to the concept of Triple Bottom Line Reporting (TBL), which is used as a framework for measuring an organization’s performance against economic, social and environmental parameters. The rationale for CSR has been articulated in a number of ways. In essence it is about building sustainable businesses, which need healthy economies, markets and communities. The key drivers for CSR are1:Enlightened self-interest -creating a synergy of ethics, a cohesive society and a sustainable global economy where markets, labor and communities are ab le to function well together. Social investment – contributing to physical infrastructure and social capital is increasingly seen as a necessary part of doing business. Transparency and trust – business has low ratings of trust in public perception. There is increasing expectation that companies will be more open, more accountable and be prepared to report publicly on their performance in social and environmental arenas.Increased public expectations of business – globally companies are expected to do more than merely provide jobs and contribute to the economy through taxes and employment. † Company Profile: IBM is the world's largest information technology company. It is a leader in developing computer servers, software, storage devices and microchips. It also fields a large business consulting division. The company has operations in more than 60 countries. It has a major presence in New York with headquarters in Armonk, research facility in Yorktown Heigh ts, and a massive chip-making facility in Fishkill.IBM is a world leader in research and development and number of corporate patents received annually. The company was founded in 1911 as the Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation through a merger of three companies: the Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, and the Computing Scale Corporation. CTR adopted the name International Business Machines in 1924, using a name previously designated to CTR's subsidiary in Canada and later South America. Its distinctive culture and product branding has given it the nickname Big Blue.In 2012, Fortune ranked IBM the #2 largest U. S. firm in terms of number of employees (433,362), the #4 largest in terms of market capitalization, the #9 most profitable, and the #19 largest firm in terms of revenue. Globally, the company was ranked the #31 largest in terms of revenue by Forbes for 2011. Other rankings for 2011/2012 include #1 company for leaders (Fortune), #1 gre en company worldwide (Newsweek), #2 best global brand (Interbrand), #2 most respected company (Barron's), #5 most admired company (Fortune), and #18 most innovative company (Fast Company).IBM holds more patents than any other U. S. -based technology company, and has nine research laboratories worldwide. Its employees have garnered five Nobel Prizes, six Turing Awards, nine National Medals of Technology, and five National Medals of Science. Famous inventions by IBM include the automated teller machine (ATM), the floppy disk, the hard disk drive, the magnetic stripe card, the relational database, the Universal Product Code (UPC), the financial swap, SABRE airline reservation system, DRAM, and Watson artificial intelligence. The company has undergone several organizational hanges since its inception, acquiring companies like SPSS (2009) and PwC consulting (2002), spinning off companies like Lexmark (1991), and selling off product lines like ThinkPad to Lenovo (2005). Case Study: IBM an d Thai Red Cross Strike Socially Responsible HIV Partnership. In 2010 2. 7 million became infected with HIV, bringing the total tally to 34 million HIV positive people in the world. Despite the fact that medication to treat the condition has increased the life expectancy of those infected with the virus and delayed the onset of AIDS, the best way to fight the problem is avoiding infection in the first place.Thailand is seen as success story in terms of policies to stop the spread of the virus. During the 1990s the government introduced a comprehensive program that resulted in a reduction of visits to commercial sex workers, made condoms popular and reduced the spread of other sexually transmitted diseases. As a consequence, infection figures dropped from 143,000 in 1991 to 19,000 in 2003. Currently, just over 500,000 people live with HIV in that country while new infections stand at around 16,000 per year.The latest step in the fight against HIV in Thailand is an agreement between t he Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center and IBM. The socially responsible deal is part of a drive to make Bangkok a zero HIV infection city by 2015. IBM will be donating its business analytics software and technology expertise to enable TRCARC to design more effective intervention strategies to help end the spread of HIV/AIDS. The partnership is part of a wider global move to end HIV infections called Getting to Zero, which was launched by UNAIDS.The objective of the campaign is not only to stop new HIV infections, but also to fight discrimination against people living with the virus. â€Å"HIV infection is one of the most serious public health threats Thailand is facing. Unfortunately, only 40 per cent of the HIV infected population knows they are living with the HIV or AIDS and gets access to antiretroviral treatment services. This situation results in continuing spread of the life-threatening virus and new infections are rising every year,† said TRCARC's director, Professor Emeritus Praphan Phanuphak.IBM's software will enable the center to access information and share outputs with collaborating agencies such as the Department of Disease Control and Ministry of Public Health, which will then be able to strengthen HIV prevention efforts. Previous campaigns to prevent and deal with HIV cases were hampered by the use of outdated information. IBM's software will help researchers make more informed decisions and will help staff share knowledge and skills.One of the key aspects of the software is that it creates an online behavioural survey with high-risk groups, which can be used as the basis for a database. The IBM DB2 database software makes data retrieval time a lot faster, reducing it from two months to five minutes. It can also develop advanced, fully automated reporting with the use of IBM Cognos business intelligence software that enables better analytics and reporting of behavioral records associated with people with high risk of infection.Other fe atures include table and maps to help staff make better decisions and implement more effective strategies based on real-time analysis. Elsewhere IBM is also lending its expertise to HIV drug research. The company's World Community Grid, a network that provides researchers with the spare computing power of two-million PCs owned by 600,000 individuals and organizations, has enabled the Scripps Research Institute to discover two new compounds that could lead to medicines for those infected with HIV. Other Example of CSR Activities of IBM: Creating innovation that matters for the world:The primary focus of IBMs corporate citizenship activities is on developing initiatives to address specific societal issues, such as the environment, community economic development, education , health, literacy, language and culture. We employ IBM’s most valuable resources, our technology and talent, in order to create innovative programs in these areas to assist cities and communities around the w orld. For example, IBMs Corporate Service Corps program annually deploys teams of selected high potential employees to emerging regions to work with government, nonprofit and nongovernmental organizations on critical local projects.Since the program began in 2008, nearly 300 IBMers from 44 countries have been placed on 29 teams in 9 countries: Brazil, China, Ghana, Malaysia, the Philippines, Romania, Tanzania, Turkey and Vietnam. Teams have completed projects around water quality, disaster preparedness and project management. Our World Community Grid initiative utilizes grid and cloud computing technologies to harness the tremendous power of idle computers to perform specific computations related to critical research around complex biological, environmental and health-related issues.Another example of IBMs citizenship activities is On Demand Community, our employee volunteer initiative. Since its inception in 2003, over 140,000 employees and retirees have registered and per-formed o ver 9 million hours of volunteer service around the world. In a study of the program published by the Points of Light Foundation, On Demand Community is identified as the archetypical model for a new approach to corporate community involvement, calling it a â€Å"model without peer. † â€Å"When the tsunami and earthquake struck Asia, IBM didn’t just cut a check for relief funds and call it a day.The company used its techno-logical expertise and skilled people to create what government and relief agencies could not: information systems to effectively track relief supplies and reunite families,† said Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Ernest L. Arbuckle Professor at Harvard Business School, in her book, SuperCorp. Why IBM involved with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)? A key driver for IBM’s approach to CSR is the need to maintain its market position in a changing business environment. IBM recognises that CSR benefits the company’s business by helping enhan ce a company’s reputation so increasing its brand value.Further benefit from CSR comes from demonstrating thought leadership. For IBM thought leadership includes being recognised as contributing to shaping the agenda of policy and practice outside of the company, whereby IBM is recognised for both great products and great ideas. The people at IBM are persuaded that CSR helps drive shareholder value. Businesses that get CSR right â€Å"will have a significant advantage attracting investors, talent and customers, developing new products and services, and gaining access to new markets and new opportunities.It also will help them improve operational efficiency and reduce costs, and meet regulatory requirements, which can allow them to qualify for incentives and avoid penalties† Conclusion: IBM has been a leader in corporate social responsibility for nearly 100 years, contributing technology, talent and cash to nonprofit organizations and educational institutions around the world. Our activities are designed to help people to become smarter, and to develop future leaders capable of improving the quality of life for themselves and in the cities where they live—making for a smarter planet.

How To Make Scented and Colored Bath Salts

How To Make Scented and Colored Bath Salts This is a recipe for making scented, colored bath salts. Difficulty: Average Time Required: 15 minutes Heres How: Mix salts together in a bowl.Stir in remaining ingredients. Generally a drop of two of fragrance is sufficient. Use ingredients containing water with care (color, certain fragrances), since too much water will dissolve salt.Spoon salts into the jars and seal them. Decorative labels listing ingredients are nice! Tips: Make certain jars are absolutely dry. Salts absorb moisture, so this project will work better in low humidity.Kitchen fragrances work well. Try extracts of vanilla, lemon, orange, cinnamon, or mint.Not all essential oils are appropriate for bathing! Suggestions to try include lavendar, rose geranium, rosemary, or jojoba.Colors or fragrances may be omitted, if desired, for persons with chemical sensitivities.Some essential oils are naturally colored (e.g., chamomile is blue). What You Need: 2 C Epsom Salts1 C Sea Salt or Rock Salt1/4 tsp GlycerineFood ColorsEssential Oils or PerfumeJars with Lids/Stoppers

Famous Women in science;Rosalyn Yalow essays

Famous Women in science;Rosalyn Yalow essays Born on July 19, 1921 in New York City was one of the most important American research scientists of the 20th century. Rosalyn Yalow is an inspiration to many men and women for her commitment to the education of science. Despite many challenged she never gave up and excelled in all that she aspired to be. Rosalyn was a fast learner. She was reading before she was in kindergarten and was dedicated to mathematics since she was in seventh grade. When she was at Walton high school a great chemistry teacher, Mr. Mondzak, interested her more in chemistry. However when she went to Hunter college, her interests changed to physics and later on to nuclear physics. Although her passion was science, her family thought it would be more realistic to be an elementary teacher. But after some encouragement from her physics professors, she decided to stick with physics. In September of 1940, one of Rosalyns professors, Dr Jerrold, got her a part time job as a secretary for Dr Rudolf Schoenheimer, a leading biochemist at Colombia Universitys college of Physicians and Surgeons. In February 1941, she transferred jobs to become a teaching assistant in physics at the University of Illinois. Because Rosalyn grew up at a time when women were assumed to be less intellectually qualified than men and were given little access to scientific training, she was the only women of the 400 members, in fact she was the only women there since 1917. (http://pubs.acs.org) Rosalyn realized that it was unlikely that good graduate schools would admit a woman interested in science, much less a Jewish woman. But on December 7, 1941 the events that happened at Pearl Harbor had a great influence on Women in science. As men were drafted into the military, many universities began accepting women into graduate programs rather than close the schools. (http://pubs.acs.org) As Rosalyn continued research on n ...

Spencer repeating Rifle Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Spencer repeating Rifle - Term Paper Example Although it had been used earlier, the rifle had only been issued for use in 1863 (Smithsonian Institution). The Spencer rifle can be considered as the main repeating carbine in the Civil War (Hackman â€Å"Common†¦Ã¢â‚¬  par.1). During the said period when rifles and carbines were common, the Spencer repeating rifle can be differentiated through certain features (Smithsonian Institution). One of the most distinct characteristic of the Spencer repeating rifle is the magazine that contains seven metallic rimfire cartridges. These are transferred by a spring in the magazine, which can be found at one end of the rifle, through a compressed spring (Smithsonian Institution). The cartridge is another fundamental identity of the rifle since it had been considered as the â€Å"first self-contained metallic cartridge† with the capability to be used in the military (Hackman â€Å"Common†¦Ã¢â‚¬  par. 4). During the development and introduction of the Spencer repeating rifle, there is a rapid modernization in terms of arms and facilities of war. The Civil War was even referred to as the initial step in the art of modern war. Along with the used of advanced communication techniques such as the telegraph and the rapid development of transportation, carbine and the repeating rifle can be considered as the most important technology in warfare of the era. The development of carbines and repeating rifles answered the need for the strengthening in warfare during the Civil War (Barloon 1131-32; Niepert par.1). The development and continuous enhancement of the carbine and repeating rifle innovation occurred through the Civil War. One of the most notable events in war is the â€Å"rapid firing breech loading carbines† in action. Through the said period of war, the carbines are continuously improved which involved development on different parts such as the cartridge (Niepert par.2). This can be considered as the main identity of the Spencer repeating rifle. The

Recreational Facilities for Ladies in Muslim Community Research Paper

Recreational Facilities for Ladies in Muslim Community - Research Paper Example But the patriarchy of a Muslim society is viewed as more of the projection of the male authority -of the society in power- than the application of the religious doctrines. Also apart from religious issues, the geo-cultural factors appear may appear to be in direct conflict with the women’s outdoor recreational activities. 12 The fact how the Muslim women as well as the dominating patriarchy perceive and permit the female recreational activities in the Barsha community was explored in a bilateral investigation paradigm. We perceived that the exploratory research of the Muslim Women’s recreational activities necessarily requires both the theoretical and field exploration of the plausibility of creating opportunities for recreational activities within the moral and customary boundary of the society. First, we attempted to explore extensively into the socio-culture features of the Community in Barsha through an intensive literature review. In this regard, a profound study about the life of women in the past, its dilemma to the community has been described on the information gathered and justified in the Literature Review. Then in order to investigate into the fact how the women in Muslim community perceive recreational activities, an investigation was led among 60 women in the field level. 12 This study primarily focuses on the needs of recreational activities for both men and women. In the second place it explores the scopes and limitations of recreational activities in Muslim women’s life. In particular, the research is: ‘the recreational facilities for ladies in Muslim communities should be encouraged or not?’ The aim of performing this study is to find out the role of recreational activities in the life of Muslim women. We have also tried to explore the perceptions of the Muslim ladies towards the existence of recreational activities and opportunities. The aim is to create the awareness regarding the recreational activities and their acceptance in